Kedarnath 

Kedarnath is a sacred town situated in the state of Uttarakhand of India. It can even be called as one of the remotest Char Dham sites as it is located amidst the snow-capped mountains of Himalayas, near the river Mandakini. Nestled in the Rudraprayag district, the main attractions here is the Kedarnath Temple, which is a popular Hindu shrine and pilgrimage, attracting devotees from all… over the world. The travel and tourism scope here is strengthened by factors like natural beauty and religious zest.   The Kedarnath Temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva and is deemed to have been built by Adi Sankaracharya. The glory of the temple can be attributed to the fact that it is one of the twelve jyotirlingas (Lord Shiva shrines), present in the country. The temple remains open only for a period of six months, due to heavy snowfall in the winter months. Testing the fervor and dedication of the pilgrims, the temple is not directly reachable by road.  The only way being, a 14 km trek path from Gaurikund. The present temple stands adjacent to the initial temple built by the Pandavas. According to historical data, Pandavas after winning the battle of Mahabharata, felt guilty of killing their own brothers. They came here in search of Lord Shiva, who kept hiding himself. Finally Bhima, the strongest Pandava brother recognized him. Lord Shiva, who was disguised as a bull, escaped leaving behind his hind part.   This led to the construction of the temple here. The present Kedarnath Temple has been built by huge slabs of gray stones, standing undeterred with all its glory and majesty. The divine peace and tranquility of the place leaves the devotees completely mesmerized. The haunting environment and secluded surroundings compel all the visitors to feel the inner connection with the Almighty. Thus, Kedarnath is considered a must visit place amongst pilgrims, before leaving this world.

Badrinath 

Badrinath Temple is one of the holiest Hindu shrines in India. It is situated in the hill town of Badrinath in the Chamoli district of Uttarakhand state. Along the river Alaknanda, the temple is essentially a Lord Vishnu shrine. Also known by the names Badri Vishal and Badrinarayan, it is one of the Char Dham sites and the one amongst 108 Divya Desams. This has contributed to the fact t…hat Badrinath is vital with reference to travel and tourism.   The gates of the temple are open only for a period of six months, due to extreme weather conditions in Himalayas. There are a number of hot water pools here namely Tapt Kund, Narad Kund etc. These pools are filled with hot steaming water in the winter months also and are considered to posses medicinal properties. Many people even perform the last rites of the departed souls at Brahm Kapal.   It is a flat platform on the banks of river Alaknanda. Sheshnetra and Chandrapaduka are other rock boulders present along the river, which are believed to have footprints of Shesh Nag and Lord Vishnu. Another important temple here is the Mata Murti Temple. These temples are also considered as evidences of the rich historical past of Badrinath. Referring the mythological facts, it is believed that Lord Vishnu was practicing penance at this place.   In order to save him from the harmful rays of the sun, his divine consort Lakshmi took the form of a Badri plant and provided shade to him. Pleased by her fervor and devotion, the Lord told her that this place would be famous by her name. Hence, it came to be known as Badrinath. Splashed by Alaknanda, the divine site serves as an ideal location to experience the eternal bliss associated with spirituality.

Designing a food security scheme

An Act to ensure food security was promised in the Congress Manifesto for the 2009 General Elections, and reiterated in the President’s Address to Parliament in 2009, 2010 and 2011. These promised that 25kg of rice or wheat at Rs 3/kg would be provided to each family below the poverty line. This issue has seen divergence of opinion within the government and its think tanks such as the national advisory council and the prime minister’s economic advisory council.

There are several dimensions on which Parliament will need to take a view: the target population and the amount of subsidy (both quantum of food and its price); the delivery mechanism; and the demarcation of responsibilities between the various governments.

There are differing opinions on who should be the beneficiaries of a scheme that guarantees food at a subsidised price. One argument is that the subsidies should be targeted at the people who are poor. This raises two questions: where does one draw the poverty line (what are the parameters to judge whether a person or household is poor; and how does) one identify such persons or households? A related issue with any hard line is that there would be some people who just fail to qualify for the benefits; the economic position of such persons would not be very different similar to those who just manage to qualify. Another complication is that such a system creates incentives for leakages. Those who are relatively richer would also likely wield more influence in the society, and could manipulate any targeting list to benefit themselves. Consequently, the intended beneficiaries get left out. Indeed, the NC Saxena Committee had found that about 61percent of the eligible population was excluded from the Below Poverty Line lists while 25percent of non-poor households were included in the lists.

A possible way to address this issue is to universalise the benefits. That is, everyone, regardless of their income or wealth would be eligible to get subsidised food. The issue here would be the total cost of such a scheme. If every person was to receive the same amount as subsidy that a poor person needs, then the overall subsidy bill could be very high. This would have an adverse impact on government finances and the development budget, and would have negative consequences for economic growth and price inflation. Yet another factor would be the amount of food that needs to be procured for the system. If this requirement is a significant proportion of the overall food output, the amount of supply in the free market would be correspondingly smaller. Then the free market would become amenable to price manipulation.

One solution is to make everyone eligible to get benefits but there could be segmentation based on income levels. That is, those who are very poor get a larger amount of food at a lower price; those who are richer get smaller quantities at a higher price (lower subsidy). This solution, however, has the same issues of drawing a poverty line, and identifying the beneficiaries in the different segments.

Yet another proposal is to universalize the scheme with some features that help self-selection. The MNREGA provides a good analogy: everyone in a rural area is eligible but only the very poor are likely to do the hard manual labor that the scheme provides. A similar food security scheme would provide food such as coarse grains that are nutritious but are not preferred by the richer sections of society. Those who are close to starvation are likely to take advantage of such a scheme. However, it is not clear whether the large segment which is undernourished (but not starving) will overcome cultural habits and change their diet preferences to benefit from this scheme.

Then there is the question of delivery systems. There are three broad proposals for delivering the subsidy: continue with the public distribution system (PDS), food coupons that can be exchanged for food in grocery stores (or PDS outlets), and direct cash transfers to bank accounts. The PDS system has been prone to leakages – some studies suggest that over 40percent of the subsidy does not reach the intended beneficiaries. Whereas coupons and cash transfers solve this problem, they would still need to address the issues of identifying the beneficiaries (unless they are given to everyone, with the consequent burden on government finances).

The price at which the grain is provided can also have adverse consequences on food production. Take the case of a subsistence farmer. He grows the grain, consumes a part of it, and sells the remaining in his neighbourhood market (the government’s food procurement system works well in only a few states, and may not be a practical option for many farmers.) If the retail price at the PDS outlet is lower than the production cost, the rational behaviour would be to stop growing grain (as both the farmer and his potential customers have a cheaper supplier). Indeed, this year, we have seen farmers in Andhra Pradesh declare a “crop holiday” as a consequence of negative returns from farming.

The division of responsibility between the central and state governments will also need to be addressed. Currently, the centre procures the grain while the states are responsible for distribution. The centre bears the subsidy to the extent of poor people in any state identified by the planning commission. States bear the residual subsidy cost. Any change in the scheme will have implications on both the implementation roles and the financial responsibility.

Our discussion illustrates the complexity of the problem of providing food security. The challenge before the government and Parliament is to design a system that balances various objectives: flexibility to permit fine tuning at various levels (including by states), eliminate hunger, maintain fiscal stability, minimise distortion of functioning of the free market, and maintain economic viability of farming. And, the scheme design should have inbuilt incentive structures to deter leakages and deliver food to the intended beneficiaries. This is a tough task indeed

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पिछले कुछ वर्षो से देश से बाहर जमा भारतीयों के काले धन के बारे में कइ तरह के अनुमान लगाये जाते रहे हैं सरकार पर लगातार काला धन वापस लाने और इस धन को जमा करने वालों पर कारवाइ का दबाव भी बनाया जा रहा है अब सीबीआइ निदेशक एपी सिंह ने यह कहकर कि भारत का करीब 500 अरब डॉलर काला धन विदेशों में जमा है, इस मुद्दे की गंभीरता को एक बार फिर उजागर कर दिया है काले धन के पूरे तंत्र और उससे जुड़ी चिंताओं के बीच ले जाता आज का समय”

विश्वबैंक का अनुमान है कि आपराधिक गतिविधियों और कर चोरी से करीब ड़ेढ टि­लियन डॉलर(1500 अरब डॉलर) एक देश से दूसरे देशों में पहुंचता है, जिसमें से 40 अरब डॉलर विकासशील देशों में सरकारी कमचारियों को दी गयी रिश्वत का भाग है विश्व बैंक के अनुमान के मुताबिक पिछले पंद्रह वर्षो में से सिफ 5 अरब डॉलर को वापस हासिल किया जा सका है

देश से बाहर काला धन जमा करने वालों में भारतीय अव्वल हैं अनुमान के मुताबिक करीब 500 बिलियन डॉलर (यानी करीब 245 खरब रुपये) का काला धन देश से बाहर जमा है देश में टैक्स संबंधी कानूनी खामियों का फायदा उठाकर कइ भारतीयों ने भारी मात्रा में काला धन विदेशों में जमा किया है इन देशों में मॉरीशस, स्विट्जरलैंड, लिकटेंस्टीन और ब्रिटिश वजिन आइलैंड शामिल हैं स्विस बैंकों में भी सबसे ह्लयादा धन भारतीयों का ही है यह काला धन ह्लयादातर उन देशों के बैंकों में जमा हो रहा है, जहां भ्रष्टाचार सबसे कम है ट­ांसपेरेंसी इंटरनेशनल इंडेक्स में न्यूजीलैंड को सबसे कम भ्रष्ट देश माना जाता है इस सूची में सिंगापुर पांचवें और स्विट्जरलैंड सातवें नंबर पर है, लेकिन ये सभी देश टैक्स हेवन(टैक्स चोरी के स्वग) हैं टैक्स हेवन उन देशों को कहा जाता है, जहां कर संबंधी लचीले कानूनों के कारण भारतीय अपना काला धन छिपाते हैं टैक्स हेवन गैरकानूनी कार्यो के खिलाफ कारवाइ नहीं करते उनकी अथव्यवस्था को इससे फायदा होता है काले धन की पहचान, जब्ती और वापस लाना कानूनी चुनौती है इसके लिए विशेषज्ञता जरूरी है चोरी किये गए सामान को वापस लाना एक विशिष्ट कानूनी प्रक्रिया की मांग करता है इसमें देर लगती है साथ ही जांच एजेंसियों को दूसरे देशों में भाषाइ दिक्कतों के साथ ही अविश्वास का भी सामना करना पड़ता है इन मामलों में कानून प्रक्रिया मुश्किल और पेचीदगी भरी होती है प्रत्येक देश को अलग-अलग न्यायिक अनुरोध भेजने पड़ते हैं इन मामलों से निपटने में जांचकताओं को सषाम बनाने के लिए खास वैश्विक प्रशिषाण कायक्रमों की जरूरत है ऐसा करके ही भ्रष्ट और आपराधिक तरीकों से कमाये पैसों की पहचान करने और उचित कानूनी कारवाइ द्वारा उसे वापस लाने की षामताओं का विस्तार हो सकता है

ऐसे में जब वैश्विक वित्तीय बाजार में धन का प्रवाह काफी जेजी से होता है, ऐसे मामलों में धन का पता लगाने में और दिक्कतें पैदा होती हैं सबसे बड़ी परेशानी अधिकार षोत्र का है अपराध कानूनों में षोत्राधिकार राजनीतिक सीमाओं में बंधा होता है इसके तहत एक देश अपने कानूनों को अपने देश की सीमाओं के पार लागू नहीं कर सकता अपराधी अपने आपको बचाने के लिए अपराध को दो या ह्लयादा देशों में फैला देते हैं और तीसरे देश में निवेश करते हैं 2जी, सीडब्ल्यूजी और मधु कोड़ा के मामलों में हमने देखा है कि काला धन पहले दुबइ, सिंगापुर या मॉरीशस गया वहां से यह स्विट्जरलैंड और कर चोरों के स्वग माने जाने वाले अन्य देशों में पहुंचा अपने काम को अंजाम देने के लिए अपराधी छद्म कंपनियां खोलते हैं और चंद घंटों में एक के बाद एक कइ खातों में धन हस्तांतरित किया जाता है, क्योंकि आज बैंकिग लेन-देन में देशों की सीमाएं कोइ बाधा नहीं है टैक्स चोरी के पनाहगार देशों ने इस मामले में राजनीतिक इच्छाशक्ति नहीं दिखाइ है वे उन सूचनाओं को साझा करने से हिचकिचाते रहे हैं, जिनसे ऐसी संपत्ति का पता लगाया जा सकता है इन देशों अथव्यवस्थाओं को भी शायद गरीब देशों से आने वाले काले धन की आदत हो गयी है ऐसे हालात में हमें कालेधन से निपटने के लिए लगातार और ठोस प्रयास करने होंगे हमें काला धन जमा करने को हाइ रिस्क, नो प्रॉफिट का धंधा बनाना होगा तभी काला धन के रोग को रोका जा सकता है

(भ्रष्टाचार निरोधी और संपत्ति वसूली पर पहले इंटरपोल ग्लोबल प्रोग्राम में दिये भाषण का संपादित अंश)

काले धन का आकार : अलग-अलग अनुमान

ग्लोबल फाइनेंशियल इंटीग्रिटी की रिपोट के मुताबिक 1948 से 2008 के बीच भारत का विदेशी बैंकों में कुल 20 लाख करोड़ रुपया काला धन के रूप में जमा हुआ है रिपोट के मुताबिक काला धन का प्रवाह सालाना 117 फीसदी की दर से ब़ढा है यह रकम सबसे बड़े घोटाले के रूप में चचित 2 जी स्पेक्ट­म मामले में हुए नुकसान से करीब 12 गुना अधिक है

स्विस बैंक एसोसिएशन 2008 की रिपोट के अनुसार स्विस बैंक में भारतीयों के करीब 66,000 अरब रुपये (करीब 1500 अरब डॉलर) जमा हैं रूस के 470 अरब डॉलर, ब्रिटेन के 390 अरब, यूक्रेन के 100 अरब, जबकि अन्य देशों के कुल 300 अरब डॉलर जमा हैं

कार एंड काटराइट स्मिथ की 2008 की रिपोट के मुताबिक 2002 से 06 के दौरान कालाधन के कारण भारत को सालाना 237 से 273 अरब डॉलर का नुकसान उठाना पडा है

अंतरराष्ट­ीय मुद्रा कोष (आइएमएफ) की रिपोट के मुताबिक 2002 से 06 के दौरान भारत को कालाधन के कारण सालाना 16 अरब डॉलर का नुकसान हुआ है

भाजपा टास्कफोस : 2009 में कहा था कि काला धन 245 लाख करोड़ से 64 लाख करोड़ रुपये है

बाबा रामदेव : 400 लाख करोड़ रुपये काला धन जमा होने का दावा किया था

ग्लोबल फाइनेंशियल इंटीग्रिटी, वॉशिंगटन : भारतीयों ने 1948 से 2008 तक 25 लाख करोड़ रुपये का काला धन विदेशों में जमा किया

सरकार : पहली बार किसी सरकारी विभाग के मुखिया ने देश से बाहर काला धन का अनुमान लगाया है सीबीआइ निदेशक के मुताबिक विदेशों में जमा काला धन 500 अरब डॉलर है

2000 के दशक के शुरू में अथशास्त्री अरुण कुमार ने अनुमान लगाया कि भारत की 40 प्रतिशत संपत्ति काले धन के रूप में विदेशों में मौजूद है मौजूदा जीडीपी अनुमानों के हिसाब से यह 35 लाख करोड़ हैl

काले धन का असर – आथिक नीतियां होती हैं प्रभावित

राजकोषीय प्रणाली पर असर

कर चोरी का सबसे बड़ा दुष्प्रभाव यह होता है कि सरकार करों से होने वाली आय के एक बड़े भाग से वंचित हो जाती है इससे अधिक आय प्राप्त करने के लिए सरकार कर दरों में वृद्धि कर देती है इससे कर प्रणाली में जटिलता आती है और साथ ही कर चोरी करने की प्रवृत्ति ब़ढती है

साधनों के वितरण पर विपरीत प्रभाव

काले धन से सरकार की करों से होने वाली आय तो प्रभावित होती ही है, साथ ही अथव्यवस्था में साधनों के आवंटन और वितरण पर भी बुरा असर पड़ता है इससे मुद्रा का अपव्यय होने लगता है कालेधन से विलासिता की वस्तुओं के उपभोग में वृद्धि होती है, जिससे वित्त का उपयोग अनुत्पादक कार्यो में होने लगता है इस प्रवृत्ति के कारण देशमें महंगाइ भी ब़ढती है

आय के वितरण पर प्रभाव

जिन लोगों के पास काले धन की मौजूदगी होती है, वे सही आय बताने से बचते हैं मौजूदा कर प्रणाली में अधिक आय पर अधिक कर देना होता है ऐसे में धनी लोग बड़ी मात्रा में कर चोरी करने में सफल होते हैं इस आय का प्रयोग गैर कानूनी कार्यो में किया जाता है जिससे और अधिक काले धन का प्रवाह होने लगता है काले धन से आय का वितरण असमान हो जाता है इसके साथ ही सरकार अपना राजस्व ब़ढाने के लिए इमानदार करदाताओं को अधिक कर का भुगतान करने के लिए विवश करती है

मौद्रिक नीति के क्रियान्वयन में कठिनाइ

काली कमाइ की उपलब्धता के कारण वित्तीय अधिकारियों को अथव्यवस्था में मुद्रा के नियंत्रण में कठिनाइयों का सामना करना पड़ता है अपनी मुद्रा के साख नियंत्रणके उपायों को लागू करना भी कठिन हो जाता है काला धन मुद्रास्फीति संबंधी सरकारी नीति को क्रियान्वित करने की राह में कइ बाधाएं उत्पत्र करता है

देश से बाहर संपत्ति का स्थानांतरण

राष्ट­ीय संपत्ति देश से बाहर चली जाती है इससे हमें अथव्यवस्था के विकास के लिए विदेश से कज पर निभर होना पड़ता है इस प्रकार देशका विकास धीमा हो जाता है जबकि हमारे देश के नागरिकों के पैसे से दूसरे देश अपने यहां का विकास कर पाते हैं

नहीं बन पाती हैं सही नीतियां

चूंकि काला धन देश की आथिक नीति के दायरे में नहीं आता है, इसलिए इससे अथव्यवस्था के संबंध में सही आकलन नहीं हो पाता है इससे राष्ट­ीय उपभोग, बचत, आय-व्यय के वितरण के संबंध में सही नीतियां बन नहीं पाती हैं

भारत में काला धन का आकार निरंतर ब़ढने के बाद इसे समानांतर अथव्यवस्था की संज्ञा दी जाने लगी है सावजनिक एवं निजी षोत्र में विनियोग के आंकड़ों को भी शंका की दृष्टि से देखा जाता है कुल मिलाकर काला धन आथिक नियोजकों की राह में कइ मुश्किलें पेश करता हैl

जरूरत है सख्त कानून की

पीएस बावा, चेयरमैन ट­ांसपेरेंसी इंटरनेशनल, इंडिया

काले धन से एक समानांतर अथव्यवस्था पैदा होती है इससे सरकार की मौद्रिक नीति प्रभावित होती है यह जानते हुए भी सरकार विदेशों में जमा कालेधन को वापस लाने में ढुलमुल रवैया अपना रही है, इससे सरकार की मंशा स्पष्ट हो जाती है भ्रष्टाचार और काले धन से आम लोगों का दैनिक जीवन प्रभावित हो रहा है अगर देश में व्हाइट मनी होगी, तो इससे आम लोगों और सरकार को फायदा होगा अथव्यवस्था और मजबूत होगी काले धन से पूरी अथव्यवस्था पर बुरा प्रभाव पड़ता है

काले धन से बनी समानांतर अथव्यवस्था से सामाजिक ढांचे में बड़ा बदलाव आया है आय की असमानता और गरीबी ब़ढी है विदेशी बैंको में जमा पैसे आम लोगों के नहीं बल्कि प्रभाव शाली लोगों के भ्रष्ट तरीके से कमाये पैसे हैं ये लोग समाज में अवैध रूप से पैसा कमाते हैं और इसे काले धन के रूप में विदेशी बैंकों में जमा करते हैं, ताकि इनकम टैक्स देने बचा जा सके काला धन पैदा होने में सरकार भी कसूरवार है सरकार को इन अवैध कमाइ करने वाले लोगों के बारे में जानकारी है, लेकिन सरकार कारवाइ करने से डरती है सरकार नहीं चाहती है कि उसे परेशानियों का सामना करना पड़े काला धन जमा करने वालों के नाम बाहर आने से सरकार की किरकिरी होगी आमजन में यह संदेश जायेगा कि सरकार को इन नामों के बारे जानकारी थी, लेकिन सरकार ने पहले उनके खिलाफ जानबूझकर कोइ कारवाइ नहीं की

सरकार मजबूत इच्छाशक्ति से काम ले, तो कालेधन को वापस लाने में कोइ समस्या नहीं है कइ देशों ने विदेशी बैंकों से कालाधन वापस हासिल कर लिया है अमेरिका को ही लें उसने स्विट्जरलैंड के बैंकों में अपने नागरिकों के जमा धन के बारे में जानकारी हासिल कर ऐसे लोगों के खिलाफ कारवाइ भी शुरू कर दी है अमेरिकी अदालत ने यूबीएस बैंक पर जुमाना लगाते हुए लोगों के नाम बताने को कहा है और बैंक इसके लिए तैयार भी हो गया इसलिए ऐसा कहना कि भारत सरकार इस तरह का कदम नहीं उठा सकती है, गलत है

2005 के यूएन कन्वेंशन एगेंस्ट करप्शन (यूएनसीएसी) पर विश्व के ह्लयादातर मुल्कों ने हस्ताषार कर दिया है इस कन्वेंशन के तहत कोइ भी मुल्क दूसरे मुल्क से भ्रष्टाचार के मुद्दों पर जानकारी का आदान-प्रदान कर सकता सकता है इसके लिए वह वहां के कानून की भी मदद ली जा सकती है दूसरा मुल्क इसमें पूरी तरह मदद करेगा अमेरिका भी इसी कन्वेंशन के तहत कालाधन के मसले पर कारवाइ कर रहा है

उधर, स्विट्जरलैंड की सरकार ने भी स्विस बैंक में धन जमा करने वाले लोगों के नाम की जानकारी के लिए प्रक्रिया को उदार बनाया है पहले अगर कोइ देश स्विस बैंक में जमा धन राशि के बारे में जानना चाहता था, उसे उन लोगों के नाम और पते देने होते थे उनकी पहचान भी बतानी पड़ती थी, लेकिन अब ऐसा नहीं है हालांकि, इस बारे में अभी पूरी जानकारी उपलब्ध नहीं है, लेकिन इससे साफ संकेत मिलते हैं कि स्विस सरकार इस मामले में लचीला रुख अख्तियार किया है वतमान कानून के तहत वह किसी भी देश की सरकार को टैक्स चोरी करने वाले व्यक्ति का नाम, पहचान और पते के आधार पर यह जानकारी देती है कि उसका कितना धन स्विस बैंकों में जमा है लेकिन इसके लिए वह अपनी शत भी रखती है कि जब तक उस व्यक्ति के खिलाफ वित्तीय अपराध का मामला दज न हो, तब तक उसके नाम को सावजनिक न किया जाये मौजूदा समय में सरकार पर काला धन के मामले को लेकर चारों ओर से दबाव है काले धन को लेकर सुप्रीम कोट में भी मामला चल रहा है और अदालत ने तल्ख टिप्पणियां भी की हैं अदालत के आदेश पर सरकार ने काले धन का पता लगाने के लिए उच्च स्तरीय कमेटी का गठन किया है कालेधन पर रोक लगाने के लिए सरकार को कड़े कानून बनाने चाहिए

विदेशी बैंक में जमा कालेधन के साथ देश के अंदर जमा काले धन को उजागर करने की जरूरत है भारतीय बैंकों में भी काले धन के रूप में कइ अरब रुपये हैं, जिसपर किसी ने दावा नहीं किया है रिजव बैंक ने भी माना है कि भारतीय बैंकों में 13 अरब से ह्लयादा ऐसे रुपये हैं, जिन पर किसी ने दावा नहीं किया और ये 10 साल पुराने हैं सरकार को इस पर भी कारवाइ करनी चाहिएl

किस-किस का है कालाधन

किस-किस का है कालाधनविभित्र रिपोर्टो से संकेत मिलता है कि विदेशी बैंकों में काला धन जमा करने वालों में भारत के धनकुबेर उद्योगपति ही नहीं, कुछबड़े राजनेता और प्रशासनिक अधिकारी भी शामिल हैं

दरअसल, छोटे स्तर पर दी जाने वाली घूस की रकम तो देश में ही रह जाती है, लेकिन यही रकम जब करोड़ों में होती है तो उसे जमा करने के लिए विदेशी बैंक सुरषिात ठिकाने होते हैं

देश में बहुत से नेता और अधिकारी बड़ी योजनाओं और सौदों में करोड़ों रुपये रिश्वत लेते हैं वे कानूनी शिकंजे से बचने के लिए घूस की रकम खुद अपने हाथ में न लेकर हवाला एजेंटों के जरिये यह लेन-देन कराते हैं

हवाला के जरिये जाता है विदेश

हवाला एजेंट संबंधित नेता या अधिकारी के विदेशी बैंक खाते में पैसे जमा कराते हैं ये एजेंट लचर कानून का फायदा उठा रहे हैं

सरकार ने अंतरराष्ट­ीय कारोबार को ब़ढावा देने के लिए फॉरेन एक्सचेंज रेग्यूलेटस एक्ट(फेरा) के बदले फॉरेन एक्सचेंज मैनेजमेंट एक्ट(फेमा) बना दिया इससे हवाला कारोबारियों में कानून की सख्ती का डर कम हो गया फेरा के तहत मुद्रा की हेराफेरी करने पर जुमाना, गिरफ्तारी और आपराधिक मुकदमे का प्रावधान था, लेकिन फेमा के तहत सिफ जुमाना वसूला जाता है

हवाला कारोबारी अब इंटरनेट का प्रयोग करते हैं इससे अवैध रकम का पता लगाना जांच एजेंसियों के लिए काफी मुश्किल हो गया है

और भी हैं रास्ते

देश से बाहर पैसा भेजने हवाला के अलावा कुछ और भी रास्ते हैं हालांकि उन तरीकों में कालाधन छिपाने के लिए बिजनेसमैन के सहयोग की जरूरत पड़ती है वह अपनी छिपी हुइ कंपनियों से इसमें मदद करता है

कॉरपोरेट हाउस के पास बहुत-सी ऐसी कंपनियां भी होती हैं, जिन्हें वे सावजनिक नहीं करते कालाधन अजित करने वालों के पैसे को इन कंपनियों के सहारे भारत में फिर विदेश में निवेश कर दिया जाता है इस तरह काला धन सफेद बन जाता है

स्विस बैंक में खाता खोलने के लिए न्यूनतम जमा राशि 50 करोड़ रुपये है इतनी बड़ी रकम जमा कराने वाला आम नागरिक नहीं हो सकता हैl

Winter weather has arrived in Oregon — it’s rainy and cold. This time of year, Kris and I search for ways to keep warm. A lot of guides to saving money on heating contain impractical advice: “consider heating with solar energy!”. They offer good suggestions for the long-term, but they aren’t useful if you want to save money now. Here are some frugal ways we stay warm in our drafty old house.

Let in some light : Open blinds on south-facing windows during the day to let in the sun. Close them in the evening to add a bit more insulation. This provides just enough mid-day warmth that we don’t need the heater.

Use rugs on bare floors : We have hardwood floors above a poorly-insulated basement. These floors are cold in the morning and the late afternoon. An area rug does a fine job of keeping my feet warmer.

Block drafts : This is best done with weather-stripping or other forms of insulation, but even a blanket in front of a door helps. Because our house is so old, nothing is level. This makes it difficult to install weather stripping. The bottom of our mudroom door, for example, has a one-inch gap on one end but is flush with the floor near the hinge. By laying a blanket in front of the door, we can mitigate some of the heat loss.

Use space heaters : According to Michael Bluejay’s energy guide, this is the single best way to save money on electricity. As I learned from my tests with the Kill-a-Watt, a portable radiator-type oil heater uses a lot of power, but not nearly as much as a furnace. We have a couple of these heaters. They take a while to get warm, but once they’re going, the can heat a small space cheaply.

Bundle up : I love cold-weather clothes: long underwear, sweaters, hats, scarves, gloves. Some days we simply bundle up and turn down the heat. It’s cozy. And don’t forget: house slippers go a long way to keeping you warm!

Install a programmable thermostat : My sister-in-law just received her first big heating bill at her new home. “It was $100!” she said. (She had been leaving her thermostat at 68-degrees around the clock.) Her heating bill was more than she had budgeted, and made it easy to justify the cost of a new programmable thermostat. They’re easy to install and an excellent way to cut your heating costs. We set ours for 54 at night and when we’re gone during the day. (Reader Adam G. reviewed his programmable thermostat last August.)

Use an electric blanket : There’s no need to heat the entire house when you’re asleep. There’s no need to even heat the bedroom. An electric blanket is cheaper and cozier. (A blanket with dual-controls is best.)

 Change the furnace filter : A dirty filter forces the furnace to work harder, decreasing its efficiency, increasing heating costs. We change the furnace filter at the start of the season, and once every month or two thereafter.

 Close unused rooms : Do not heat them. This winter, we closed off our guest room and shut the heater vent. That room is now separate from the rest of the house. It stays cold, but there’s no reason to keep it warm.

These steps can reduce your heating costs immediately: In the long term, your best bet is to make sure your home is properly insulated. You should also check that your heat source is efficient, and that you’re not losing heat in unintended locations.

For example, I went down to the cellar last night to pull out some Christmas lights. I was startled to find that the basement was actually warm. It shouldn’t be. It’s insinuated, below-ground, and exposed to the cold. The furnace was pumping away, doing its thing, heating the house. But it was apparently heating the cellar, too. It took only a moment to find the problem — our duct work is not insulated. As the hot air blows through the pipes, the metal is heating, and the warmth is dissipating into the basement. We need to fix that.

Reportedly, insulating your water heater is another good way to save money. Since ours lives in the insinuated mudroom, we should probably look into that

Raghupati Ragahav Raja Ram,
Patita Pavana Sita Ram
Sita Ram Sita Ram,
Bhaj Pyare Tu Sita Ram
Ishwara Allah Tere Nam,
Saba Ko Sanmati De Bhagavan

Mahatma Gandhi – A real hero for India

The last day of Gandhiji’s life. Gandhiji handed over the LSS draft to Pyarelal Nayyar to go through as he had written under tension and maybe there were some mistakes.
Gandhiji weighed 109 pounds. He had gained two pounds since he finished his last fast 12 days ago but was still suffering from a terrible cough.

Gandhiji began his Bangla lesson. During his Noakhali visit in 1946, he had started learning Bangla. Meanwhile, the killers were giving final shape to their conspiracy to assassinate the Mahatma. Nathuram Godse came up with a idea to go to the prayer ground wearing a black shawl and with an old-styled camera so that he could shoot Gandhiji while pretending to take a picture. They went down on the street to search for a camera but then they came to a conclusion that the plan was bad as hardly anyone used the old-styled cameras any longer.
Then they come up with the idea of buying a burqa and that Godse would pretend to be burqa-clad Muslim woman and thus could get in for a close shot. They bought the burqa but Nathuram found it very uneasy when he wore it. He thought firing from under might lead him to miss the target. So even this idea was dropped.
Finally Narayan Apte came with a simple but deadly plan. They decided that Nathuram should wear a loose and long shirt so that he can hide his pistol in the pocket of his trousers and so went to the market and purchased it.

At Birla House, Gandhiji was meeting many visitors. But the most important meeting was yet to take place. A meeting which would save a split in Congress and which would bridge the differences between his two disciples Nehru and Patel. Gandhiji had convinced Vallabhai Patel to withhold his resignation and that three of them (Gandhiji, Home Minister Vallabhai Patel and Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru) would sit down together and thrash out the differences.

While Gandhiji was talking to Vallabhai Patel to avoid the split, Abha, came with his evening meal of goat’s milk, boiled vegetable and orange juice. After his meal, he sat on his spinning wheel, still talking to Patel. Nearby, the killers were wandering in the gardens beyond the room where Gandhiji turned his wheel.

Gandhiji was late for his prayer. Abha and Manu were scared to interfere in their conversation but finally Manu gestured at his watch. Gandhiji glanced at his old watch and said to Patel, “It’s time for me to go God’s meeting”. With Abha and Manu, his two great grand-nieces and walking sticks, Gandhiji went towards the prayer ground. Gandhiji was upset for the delay and said to them, “You are my watches, why should I consult a watch? I do not like this delay at all. I cannot tolerate even one minute’s delay for prayers.”

Godse was nervous but determined to accomplish his task. Manu saw an advancing stout young man in a khaki dress. Godse took the pistol from his pocket and bowed to touch Gandhiji’s feet. Manu thought he wanted to touch Gandhiji’s feet, and so she gently came in the way and murmured, “Brother, Bapu is already ten minutes late”. At that instant, Godse pushed Manu aside and before she could recover, he pulled the trigger three times. All the three bullets passed through the slender body of Gandhiji. The idol of non-violence could only gasp, “He Ram!” before slumping on the ground. It was 5.17 pm January 30, 1948.

An All India radio broadcast simply said: “Mahatma Gandhi was assassinated in New Delhi at twenty past five this afternoon. His assassin was a Hindu.” The last sentence was included on order from Lord Mountbatten. With this, the slaughter had been avoided and it now remained to India to mourn.

Gandhiji had fought a lifelong battle for a free and united India; and yet, when the country was divided, he urged that the two parts respect and befriend one another. Other Indians were less forgiving. The assassin, who surrendered afterwards, was a Brahmin from Pune named Nathuram Godse, the editor of an extremist Hindu newspaper who had denounced Gandhiji as “an appeaser of Muslims”. Gandhiji’s death led to an extraordinary outpouring of grief, with rich tributes being paid to him from across the political spectrum in India, and moving appreciations coming from such international figures as George Orwell and Albert Einstein

The ashes of Mahatma Gandhi were split in portions and sent to all states of India to be scattered in rivers. Part of Gandhi’s ashes rest in Raj Ghat, near Delhi, India. Part of Mahatma Gandhi’s ashes are at the Lake Shrine in Los Angeles.

The nation remembers and pays its respectful homage to Gandhiji on his 64th death anniversary today, 30th January 2012. Gandhiji was shot dead by a Hindu fanatic on this day in 1948, almost 6 months after India won Independence under his leadership. At 1100 hours today, the entire nation pays homage by standing still and observing silence.

Yaa Kundendu tushaara haaradhavalaa, Yaa shubhravastraavritha|

Yaa veenavara dandamanditakara, Yaa shwetha padmaasana||

Yaa brahmaachyutha shankara prabhritibhir Devaisadaa Vanditha|

Saa Maam Paatu Saraswatee Bhagavatee Nihshesha jaadyaapahaa|

Timing of the year : January end/February

Popular as :Vasant Panchami

The Festival
Sarawati puja or Vasant Panchami, the festival of goddess of learning, is celebrated by Students, artists and professors. This ‘Panchami’ is also known as Saraswati Day, because it is believed that on this day, goddess Saraswati was born.
Time of the year
The puja of Ma Saraswati is held at a time when the winter comes to an end and spring begins. It is the time of the beginning of ‘Basanta Kaal’. In this time of the year, the weather remains fantastic. The weather is neither too cold, nor it is too hot. In other words, it remains pleasant. There is no need to put on a sweater, in our midst amidst this pleasant weather. So performing the puja creates no problems at all.

The mythological History
In the Vedas, Saraswati was a water deity and was revered for purifying, fertilizing and enriching powers. The next stage in Saraswati’s mythological history was her identification with the holy rituals performed on the banks of river Saraswati. She is said to have invented Sanskrit, the language of the Brahmins, of scriptures and scholarship. It is also believed that it was her who discovered soma or amrita in the Himalayas and brought it to the other gods. Later myths diminished the powers of Saraswati. She was said to be identical with Viraj, the female half or being created out of the substance of Purusha or Prajapati and thus the instrument of creation. As Brahma’s wife, she provides the power to execute what Brahma has conceived with his creative intelligence. She is the goddess of all the creative arts and in particular of poetry and music, learning and science.

Goddess Saraswati represents the union of power and intelligence from which organized creation arises. Saraswati possesses all the learning of the Vedas, scriptures, dancing, music and poetry. She is wisdom, fortune, intelligence, nourishment, brilliance, contentment, splendor and devotion. She is depicted as a gracefully seated or standing goddess, holding a veena, a musical instrument, a rosary and the scripture. The ‘bahon’ are the ‘rajhansa’ (swan) and the ‘mayur’ (peacock). The instrument symbolizes knowledge of the arts held in high esteem in Vedic tradition. The rosary points to the meditative qualities necessary to acquire knowledge. The scripture is knowledge in itself. The swan signifies discrimination between right and wrong, while the peacock points to the mundane, the unstable.

Celebration of Saraswati Puja
Saraswati Puja is also known as Boi Puja ( a worship of books). The puja starts early in the morning with aarti. The chanting of various monsters begins after the ‘aaroti’. Ma Saraswati is the goddess of learning, so those associated with the performance footsteps of Ma Saraswati in order to receive her special blessings. It is particularly popular among the students community. Basically students fear studies most. The puja is celebrated in all schools and colleges.

Families dressed in bright yellow gather together before the idol of Saraswati and pray for the blessing of knowledge. Flowers and wild berries are offered to the goddess and students place their books before the deity and do not do any reading or writing that day. An elaborate puja, with sandalwood, ghee, joss sticks, and incense is done to the sound of shlokas, conch shells, and drums. On this day, people eat vegetarian food and initiate children into the world of the written word. Traditionally, priests make children write the word ‘Om’.

All the young people gather in the pandal to celebrate the festival. Puja is performed by pujari or pandit, after puja, prasad is distributed among all the people present. Saraswati puja is also the day of eating plums.

Regional Celebrations
Saraswati Puja is celebrated in all over the country. Across the country, educational institutions celebrate the festival with great enthusiasm.

FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS – General

12. Definition.—In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires, “the State’’ includes the Government and Parliament of India and the Government and the Legislature of each of the States and all local or other authorities within the territory of India or under the control of the Government of India
13. Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rights.—
1. All laws in force in theterritoryofIndiaimmediately before the commencement of this Constitution, in so far as they are inconsistent with the provisions of this Part, shall, to the extent of such inconsistency, be void.
2. this Part aThe State shall not make any law which takes away or abridges the rights conferred by nd any law made in contravention of this clause shall, to the extent of the contravention, be void.
3. In this article, unless the context otherwise requires,
1. “law” includes any Ordinance, order, bye-law, rule, regulation, notification, custom or usage having in theterritoryofIndiathe force of law
2. “laws in force” includes laws passed or made by a Legislature or other competent authority in the territory of India before the commencement of this Constitution and not previously repealed, notwithstanding that any such law or any part thereof may not be then in operation either at all or in particular areas.
4. ¹ Nothing in this article shall apply to any amendment of this Constitution made under article 368.

Right to Equality

14. Equality before law.—The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within theterritory ofIndia.
15. Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth.—
1. The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them.
2. No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them, be subject to any disability, liability, restriction or condition with regard to—
1. access to shops, public restaurants, hotels and places of public entertainment; or
2. the use of wells, tanks, bathing ghats, roads and places of public resort maintained wholly or partly out of State funds or dedicated to the use of the general public.
3. Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making any special provision for women and children.
4. Nothing in this article or in clause (2) of article 29 shall prevent the State from making any special provision for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes.²
16. Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment.—
1. There shall be equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to employment or appointment to any office under the State.
2. No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, descent, place of birth, residence or any of them, be ineligible for, or discriminated against in respect of, any employment or office under the State.
3. Nothing in this article shall prevent Parliament from making any law prescribing, in regard to a class or classes of employment or appointment to an office ³[under the Government of, or any local or other authority within, a State or Union territory, any requirement as to residence within that State or Union territory] prior to such employment or appointment.
4. Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making any provision for the reservation of appointments or posts in favour of any backward class of citizens which, in the opinion of the State, is not adequately represented in the services under the State.
   ⁴[(4A) Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making any provision for reservation ⁵[in matters of promotion, with consequential seniority, to any class] or classes of posts in the services under the State in favour of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes which, in the opinion of the State, are not adequately represented in the services under the State].
   ⁶[(4B) Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from considering any unfilled vacancies of a year which are reserved for being filled up in that year in accordance with any provision for reservation made under clause (4) or clause (4A) as a separate class of vacancies to be filled up in any succeeding year or years and such class of vacancies shall not be considered together with the vacancies of the year in which they are being filled up for determining the ceiling of fifty per cent. reservation on total number of vacancies of that year.]
5. Nothing in this article shall affect the operation of any law which provides that the incumbent of an office in connection with the affairs of any religious or denominational institution or any member of the governing body thereof shall be a person professing a particular religion or belonging to a particular denomination.
17. Abolition of Untouchability.—“Untouchability’’ is abolished and its practice in any form is forbidden. The enforcement of any disability arising out of “Untouchability’’ shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law.
18. Abolition of titles.—
1. No title, not being a military or academic distinction, shall be conferred by the State.
2. No citizen ofIndiashall accept any title from any foreign State.
3. No person who is not a citizen of India shall, while he holds any office of profit or trust under the State, accept without the consent of the President any title from any foreign State.
4. No person holding any office of profit or trust under the State shall, without the consent of the President, accept any present, emolument, or office of any kind from or under any foreign State.

Right to Freedom

19. Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc.—
1. All citizens shall have the right—
1. to freedom of speech and expression;
2. to assemble peaceably and without arms;
3. to form associations or unions;
4. to move freely throughout theterritoryofIndia;
5. to reside and settle in any part of the territoryof India; ⁷[and]
6. to practise any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade or business.⁸
2. ⁹[(2) Nothing in sub-clause (a) of clause (1) shall affect the operation of any existing law, or prevent the State from making any law, in so far as such law imposes reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the right conferred by the said sub-clause in the interests of ¹⁰[the sovereignty and integrity of India,] the security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States, public order, decency or morality, or in relation to contempt of court, defamation or incitement to an offence.]
3. Nothing in sub-clause (b) of the said clause shall affect the operation of any existing law in so far as it imposes, or prevent the State from making any law imposing, in the interests of ¹⁰[the sovereignty and integrity of India or] public order, reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the right conferred by the said sub-clause.
4. Nothing in sub-clause (c) of the said clause shall affect the operation of any existing law in so far as it imposes, or prevent the State from making any law imposing, in the interests of ¹⁰[the sovereignty and integrity of India or] public order or morality, reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the right conferred by the said sub-clause.
5. Nothing in ¹¹[sub-clauses (d) and (e)] of the said clause shall affect the operation of any existing law in so far as it imposes, or prevent the State from making any law imposing, reasonable restrictions on the exercise of any of the rights conferred by the said sub-clauses either in the interests of the general public or for the protection of the interests of any Scheduled Tribe.
6. Nothing in sub-clause (g) of the said clause shall affect the operation of any existing law in so far as it imposes, or prevent the State from making any law imposing, in the interests of the general public, reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the right conferred by the said sub-clause, and, in particular, ¹²[nothing in the said sub-clause shall affect the operation of any existing law in so far as it relates to, or prevent the State from making any law relating to,—

1.                                                         i.            the professional or technical qualifications necessary for practising any profession or carrying on any occupation, trade or business, or
2.                                                       ii.            the carrying on by the State, or by a corporation owned or controlled by the State, of any trade, business, industry or service, whether to the exclusion, complete or partial, of citizens or otherwise.]

20. Protection in respect of conviction for offences.—
1. No person shall be convicted of any offence except for violation of a law in force at the time of the commission of the Act charged as an offence, nor be subjected to a penalty greater than that which might have been inflicted under the law in force at the time of the commission of the offence.
2. No person shall be prosecuted and punished for the same offence more than once.
3. No person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.
21. Protection of life and personal liberty.—No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law.
    [21A. Right to education.—The State shall provide free and Compulsory education to all children of the age of six to fourteen years in such manner as the State may, by law, determine.]¹³
22. Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases.¹⁴—
1. No person who is arrested shall be detained in custody without being informed, as soon as may be, of the grounds for such arrest nor shall he be denied the right to consult, and to be defended by, a legal practitioner of his choice.
2. Every person who is arrested and detained in custody shall be produced before the nearest magistrate within a period of twenty-four hours of such arrest excluding the time necessary for the journey from the place of arrest to the court of the magistrate and no such person shall be detained in custody beyond the said period without the authority of a magistrate.
3. Nothing in clauses (1) and (2) shall apply—

.            to any person who for the time being is an enemy alien; or

1.                                                        a.            to any person who is arrested or detained under any law providing for preventive detention.

4. No law providing for preventive detention shall authorise the detention of a person for a longer period than three months unless—

.            an Advisory Board consisting of persons who are, or have been, or are qualified to be appointed as, Judges of a High Court has reported before the expiration of the said period of three months that there is in its opinion sufficient cause for such detention:
Provided that nothing in this sub-clause shall authorise the detention of any person beyond the maximum period prescribed by any law made by Parliament under sub-clause (b) of clause (7); or

1.                                                        a.            such person is detained in accordance with the provisions of any law made by Parliament under sub-clauses (a) and (b) of clause (7).

5. When any person is detained in pursuance of an order made under any law providing for preventive detention, the authority making the order shall, as soon as may be, communicate to such person the grounds on which the order has been made and shall afford him the earliest opportunity of making a representation against the order.
6. Nothing in clause (5) shall require the authority making any such order as is referred to in that clause to disclose facts which such authority considers to be against the public interest to disclose.
7. Parliament may by law prescribe—

.            the circumstances under which, and the class or classes of cases in which, a person may be detained for a period longer than three months under any law providing for preventive detention without obtaining the opinion of an Advisory Board in accordance with the provisions of sub-clause (a) of clause (4);

1.                                                        a.            the maximum period for which any person may in any class or classes of cases be detained under any law providing for preventive detention; and
2.                                                       b.            the procedure to be followed by an Advisory Board in an inquiry under sub-clause (a) of clause

Right against Exploitation

23. Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour.—
1. Traffic in human beings and begar and other similar forms of forced labour are prohibited and any contravention of this provision shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law.
2. Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from imposing compulsory service for public purposes, and in imposing such service the State shall not make any discrimination on grounds only of religion, race, caste or class or any of them.
24. Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc.—No child below the age of fourteen years shall be employed to work in any factory or mine or engaged in any other hazardous employment.

Right to Freedom of Religion

25. Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion. –
1. Subject to public order, morality and health and to the other provisions of this Part, all persons are equally entitled to freedom of conscience and the right freely to profess, practise and propagate religion.
2. Nothing in this article shall affect the operation of any existing law or prevent the State from making any law:-

.            regulating or restricting any economic, financial, political or other secular activity which may be associated with religious practice;

1.                                                        a.            providing for social welfare and reform or the throwing open of Hindu religious institutions of a public character to all classes and sections of Hindus.>

Explanation I. – The wearing and carrying of kirpans shall be deemed to be included in the profession of the Sikh religion.
Explanation II. – n sub-clause (b) of clause (2), the reference to Hindus shall be construed as including a reference to persons professing the Sikh, Jaina or Buddhist religion, and the reference to Hindu religious institutions shall be construed accordingly.

26. Freedom to manage religious affairs.- Subject to public order, morality and health, every religious denomination or any section thereof shall have the right -

1. to establish and maintain institutions for religious and charitable purposes;
2. to manage its own affairs in matters of religion;
3. to own and acquire movable and immovable property; and
4. to administer such property in accordance with law.
5. No religious instruction shall be provided in any educational institution wholly maintained out of State funds.
6. Nothing in clause (1) shall apply to an educational institution which is administered by the State but has been established under any endowment or trust which requires that religious instruction shall be imparted in such institution.
7. No person attending any educational institution recognised by the State or receiving aid out of State funds shall be required to take part in any religious instruction that may be imparted in such institution or to attend any religious worship that may be conducted in such institution or in any premises attached thereto unless such person or, if such person is a minor, his guardian has given his consent thereto.
8. Any section of the citizens residing in theterritoryofIndiaor any part thereof having a distinct language, script or culture of its own shall have the right to conserve the same.
9. No citizen shall be denied admission into any educational institution maintained by the State or receiving aid out of State funds on grounds only of religion, race, caste, language or any of them.
10. All minorities, whether based on religion or language, shall have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.
    [(1A)¹⁵ In making any law providing for the compulsory acquisition of any property of an educational institution established and administered by a minority, referred to in clause (1), the State shall ensure that the amount fixed by or determined under such law for the acquisition of such property is such as would not restrict or abrogate the right guaranteed under that clause.]
11. The State shall not, in granting aid to educational institutions, discriminate against any educational institution on the ground that it is under the management of a minority, whether based on religion or language.¹⁶

27. Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion.—No person shall be compelled to pay any taxes, the proceeds of which are specifically appropriated in payment of expenses for the promotion or maintenance of any particular religion or religious denomination.
28. Freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in certain educational institutions.—

Cultural and Educational Rights

29. Protection of interests of minorities.—

30. Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions. —

31. [Compulsory acquisition of property.] Rep. By the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, s. 6 (w.e.f. 20-6-1979). ¹⁷[Saving of Certain Laws]
    ¹⁸[31A. Saving of laws providing for acquisition of estates, etc.—
    ¹⁹[(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in article 13, no law providing for—

.        the acquisition by the State of any estate or of any rights therein or the extinguishment or modification of any such rights, or

1. the taking over of the management of any property by the State for a limited period either in the public interest or in order to secure the proper management of the property, or
2. the amalgamation of two or more corporations either in the public interest or in order to secure the proper management of any of the corporations, or
3. the extinguishment or modification of any rights of managing agents, secretaries and treasurers, managing directors, directors or managers of corporations, or of any voting rights of shareholders thereof, or
4. the extinguishment or modification of any rights accruing by virtue of any agreement, lease or licence for the purpose of searching for, or winning, any mineral or mineral oil, or the premature termination or cancellation of any such agreement, lease or licence, shall be deemed to be void on the ground that it is inconsistent with, or takes away or abridges any of the rights conferred by ²⁰[article 14 or article 19:]
   Provided that where such law is a law made by the Legislature of a State, the provisions of this article shall not apply thereto unless such law, having been reserved for the consideration of the President, has received his assent:]

²¹[Provided further that where any law makes any provision for the acquisition by the State of any estate and where any land comprised therein is held by a person under his personal cultivation, it shall not be lawful for the State to acquire any portion of such land as is within the ceiling limit applicable to him under any law for the time being in force or any building or structure standing thereon or appurtenant thereto, unless the law relating to the acquisition of such land, building or structure, provides for payment of compensation at a rate which shall not be less than the market value thereof.]
(2) In this article,—
²²[

1. the expression ‘‘estate’’ shall, in relation to any local area, have the same meaning as that expression or its local equivalent has in the existing law relating to land tenures in force in that area and shall also include—

2.  any jagir, inam or muafi or other similar grant and in the States of ²³[Tamil Nadu] and Kerala, any janmam right

i.            any land held under ryotwari settlement;

ii.            any land held or let for purposes of agriculture or for purposes ancillary thereto, including waste land, forest land, land for pasture or sites of buildings and other structures occupied by cultivators of land, agricultural labourers and village artisans;]

1. the expression ‘‘rights’’, in relation to an estate, shall include any rights vesting in a proprietor, sub-proprietor, under-proprietor, tenure-holder, ²⁴[raiyat, under-raiyat] or other intermediary and any rights or privileges in respect of land revenue.]

²⁵[31B. Validation of certain Acts and Regulations.—Without prejudice to the generality of the provisions contained in article 31A, none of the Acts and Regulations specified in the Ninth Schedule nor any of the provisions thereof shall be deemed to be void, or ever to have become void, on the ground that such Act, Regulation or provision is inconsistent with, or takes away or abridges any of the rights conferred by, any provisions of this Part, and notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any court or Tribunal to the contrary, each of the said Acts and Regulations shall, subject to the power of any competent Legislature to repeal or amend it, continue in force.]
²⁶[31C. Saving of laws giving effect to certain directive principles.—Notwithstanding anything contained in article 13, no law giving effect to the policy of the State towards securing ²⁷[all or any of the principles laid down in Part IV] shall be deemed to be void on the ground that it is inconsistent with, or takes away or abridges any of the rights conferred by ²⁸[article 14 or article 19]; ²⁹and no law containing a declaration that it is for giving effect to such policy shall be called in question in any court on the ground that it does not give effect to such policy:
Provided that where such law is made by the Legislature of a State, the provisions of this article shall not apply thereto unless such law, having been reserved for the consideration of the President, has received his assent.
³⁰31D. [Saving of laws in respect of anti-national activities.] Rep. by the Constitution (Forty-third Amendment) Act,1977, s.2 (w.e.f.13-4-1978).

Right to Constitutional Remedies

32. Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this Part. -

1. The right to move the Supreme Court by appropriate proceedings for the enforcement of the rights conferred by this Part is guaranteed.
2. The Supreme Court shall have power to issue directions or orders or writs, including writs in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari, whichever may be appropriate, for the enforcement of any of the rights conferred by this Part.
3. Without prejudice to the powers conferred on the Supreme Court by clauses (1) and (2), Parliament may by law empower any other court to exercise within the local limits of its jurisdiction all or any of the powers exercisable by the Supreme Court under clause (2).
4. The right guaranteed by this article shall not be suspended except as otherwise provided for by this Constitution.
   ³¹32A. [Constitutional validity of State laws not to be considered in proceedings under article 32.] Rep. by the Constitution (Forty-third Amendment) Act, 1977, s.3 (w.e.f. 13-4-1978).

33. Power of Parliament to modify the rights conferred by this Part in their application to Forces, etc.³² – Parliament may, by law, determine to what extent any of the rights conferred by this Part shall, in their application to,—

.        the members of the Armed Forces; or

1. the members of the Forces charged with the maintenance of public order; or
2. persons employed in any bureau or other organisation established by the State for purposes of intelligence or counter intelligence; or
3. persons employed in, or in connection with, the telecommunication systems set up for the purposes of any Force, bureau or organisation referred to in clauses (a) to (c), be restricted or abrogated so as to ensure the proper discharge of their duties and the maintenance of discipline among them

34. Restriction on rights conferred by this Part while martial law is in force in any area. – Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing provisions of this Part, Parliament may by law indemnify any person in the service of the Union or of a State or any other person in respect of any act done by him in connection with the maintenance or restoration of order in any area within the territory of India where martial law was in force or validate any sentence passed, punishment inflicted, forfeiture ordered or other act done under martial law in such area.
35. Legislation to give effect to the provisions of this Part. – Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution,—

1.        Parliament shall have, and the Legislature of a State shall not have, power to make laws—

2.        with respect to any of the matters which under clause (3) of article 16, clause (3) of article 32, article 33 and article 34 may be provided for by law made by Parliament; and

i.            for prescribing punishment for those acts which are declared to be offences under this Part;

ii.          and Parliament shall, as soon as may be after the commencement of this Constitution, make laws for prescribing                                punishment for the acts referred to in sub-clause (ii);

1. any law in force immediately before the commencement of this Constitution in the territory of India with respect to any of the matters referred to in sub-clause (i) of clause (a) or providing for punishment for any act referred to in sub-clause (ii) of that clause shall, subject to the terms thereof and to any adaptations and modifications that may be made therein under article 372, continue in force until altered or repealed or amended by Parliament.

*from the sources

Subhas Chandra Bose was born on January 23, 1897 in Cuttack, Orissa. His father Janaki Nath Bose was a famous lawyer and his mother Prabhavati Devi was a pious and religious lady. Subhas Chandra Bose was the ninth child among fourteen siblings.

Netaji Independence Movement: He was popularly known as Netaji and was a legend in the Indian Independence movement. Bose was elected president of the Indian National Congress for two consecutive terms in 1938 and 1939, but had to resign from the post following ideological conflicts with Mahatma Gandhi and after openly attacking the Congress’ foreign and internal policies. Bose believed that Mahatma Gandhi’s tactics of non-violence would never be sufficient to secure India’s independence, and advocated violent resistance. He established a separate political party, the All India Forward Bloc and continued to call for the full and immediate independence of India from British rule. He was imprisoned by the British authorities eleven times. His famous motto was “Give me blood and I will give you freedom”.

Netaji INA: In Singapore he took over the reins of the Indian Independence Movement and organised the Azad Hind Fauj (Indian National Army) comprising mainly of Indian prisoners of war. Azad Hind Fauj proceeded towards India to liberate it from British rule. Enroute it lliberated Andeman and Nicobar Islands. The I.N.A. Head quarters was shifted to Rangoon in January 1944. Azad Hind Fauj crossed the Burma Border, and stood on Indian soil on March 18 ,1944. He is presumed to have died on 18 August 1945 in a plane crash over Taiwan. However, contradictory evidence exists regarding his death in the accident.

Self Confidence by some Simple Rules

Self confidence gives us the freedom to commit mistakes and cope with failure without making us feel worthless. If only we have confidence in ourselves, can we gain confidence of others? After all, most people are reluctant to back a project that’s being pitched by someone who is nervous, fumbling and overly apologetic. On the other hand, you might be persuaded by someone who spoke clearly, who held his or her head high, who answered questions assuredly, and who readily admitted when he/she did not know something.

So where do you rate yourself on the scale of 1-10 for your confidence level? Do you think you fall in the low confidence bracket? Here is some good news for you. And the good news is that self-confidence can be learned and built on.

Let’s start the process of building self-confidence. Remember there is no quick fix solution for it. Nonetheless, practice makes a man perfect. So all you have to do is try and implement the following given tips in your day to day life.

Recognize your insecurities: We all have insecurities in life. It can be anything from acne, to regrets, to friends at school. Giving a name to the things which make you feel unworthy, ashamed or inferior helps to combat them. You can try to pen down your thoughts and you will find that it makes you feel much lighter and happier. Remember that no one is perfect. The man or woman sitting next to you might have the same amount of insecurities as you have. If writing doesn’t come easily to you, you might want to talk it out with your friends or loved ones. Sharing your thoughts will help relieve the burden you have been carrying all alone.

Identify your successes: No matter how insecure you might feel, God has blessed each one of us with some talent. Discover the things you are good at and then focus on improving them. Give yourself permission to take pride in your talents. Give yourself credit for your successes. Inferiority is a state of mind in which you’ve declared yourself a victim. Do not allow yourself to be victimized.

Be thankful for what you have: A lot of the times, at the root of insecurity and lack of confidence is a feeling of not having enough of something, whether its emotional validation, good luck, money, etc. By acknowledging and appreciating what you do have, you can combat the feeling of being incomplete and unsatisfied. Finding that inner peace will do wonders for your confidence.

Be positive: Avoid self-pity or sympathy of others. Never allow others to make you feel inferior they can only do so if you let them. If you continue to loathe and belittle yourself, others are going to do and believe likewise. Instead, speak positively about yourself, about your future, and about your progress. Do not be afraid to project your strengths and qualities to others.

Dress sharp: Although clothes don’t make the man, they certainly affect the way he feels about himself. When you don’t look good, you don’t feel good. It changes the way you carry yourself and interact with people. This doesn’t mean you need to spend a lot on clothes. Rather than buying a bunch of cheap clothes, buy half as many select, high quality items. In long run this decreases spending because expensive clothes wear out less easily and stay in style longer than cheap clothes.

Walk faster: Your gait tells a lot about your personality. Is it slow? Tired? Painful? Or is it energetic and purposeful? People with confidence walk quickly. They have places to go, people to see, and important work to do. You can increase yourself confidence by putting some pep in your step. Walking 25% faster will make to you look and feel more important.

Compliment other people: When we think negatively about ourselves, we often project that feeling on to others in the form of insults and gossip. Refuse to engage in backstabbing gossip and make an effort to compliment those around you. In the process, youll become well liked and build self confidence. By looking for the best in others, you indirectly bring out the best in yourself.

Take the front seat: Back benchers might seem to have a lot of fun in schools and colleges but that does nothing to boost their self confidence. Don’t be afraid to get noticed. By deciding to sit in the front row, you can get over your irrational fear of getting noticed and build your self confidence.

Speak up: Its a general observation that many people are afraid to speak or ask questions in a group discussion or a public gathering. They are afraid that they might be judged for saying something stupid. Generally, people are much more accepting than we imagine. In fact most people are dealing with the exact same fears. By making an effort to speak up at least once in every group discussion, you’ll become a better public speaker, more confident in your own thoughts, and recognized as a leader by your peers.

Work out: A healthy mind resides in a healthy body. If you are fit, you are surrounded by positivity and energy. If you are out of shape you feel unattractive. This leads to demoralization. Just a little discipline in your life can help shape up your self confidence in a big way.

Smile: Last but not the least; try to smile as much as possible. People are always appreciative of a smiling face. You will be welcomed by anyone who comes in your contact. A smiling face is always received with warmth and affection. Acceptance and recognition from others helps in building self confidence.

Swami Vivekananda’s inspiring personality was well known both in India and in America during the last decade of the nineteenth century and the first decade of the twentieth. The unknown monk of India suddenly leapt into fame at the Parliament of Religions held in Chicago in 1893, at which he represented Hinduism. His vast knowledge of Eastern and Western culture as well as his deep spiritual insight, fervid eloquence, brilliant conversation, broad human sympathy, colourful personality, and handsome figure made an irresistible appeal to the many types of Americans who came in contact with him. People who saw or heard Vivekananda even once still cherish his memory after a lapse of more than half a century.
In America Vivekananda’s mission was the interpretation of India’s spiritual culture, especially in its Vedantic setting. He also tried to enrich the religious consciousness of the Americans through the rational and humanistic teachings of the Vedanta philosophy. In America he became India’s spiritual ambassador and pleaded eloquently for better understanding between India and the New World in order to create a healthy synthesis of East and West, of religion and science.

In his own motherland Vivekananda is regarded as the patriot saint of modern India and an inspirer of her dormant national consciousness. To the Hindus he preached the ideal of a strength-giving and man-making religion. Service to man as the visible manifestation of the Godhead was the special form of worship he advocated for the Indians, devoted as they were to the rituals and myths of their ancient faith. Many political leaders of India have publicly acknowledged their indebtedness to Swami Vivekananda.

The Swami’s mission was both national and international. A lover of mankind, he strove to promote peace and human brotherhood on the spiritual foundation of the Vedantic Oneness of existence. A mystic of the highest order, Vivekananda had a direct and intuitive experience of Reality. He derived his ideas from that unfailing source of wisdom and often presented them in the soul-stirring language of poetry.

The natural tendency of Vivekananda’s mind, like that of his Master, Ramakrishna, was to soar above the world and forget itself in contemplation of the Absolute. But another part of his personality bled at the sight of human suffering in East and West alike. It might appear that his mind seldom found a point of rest in its oscillation between contemplation of God and service to man. Be that as it may, he chose, in obedience to a higher call, service to man as his mission on earth; and this choice has endeared him to people in the West, Americans in particular.

In the course of a short life of thirty-nine years (1863-1902), of which only ten were devoted to public activities — and those, too, in the midst of acute physical suffering — he left for posterity his four classics: Jnana-Yoga, Bhakti-Yoga, Karma-Yoga, and Raja-Yoga, all of which are outstanding treatises on Hindu philosophy. In addition, he delivered innumerable lectures, wrote inspired letters in his own hand to his many friends and disciples, composed numerous poems, and acted as spiritual guide to the many seekers who came to him for instruction. He also organized the Ramakrishna Order of monks, which is the most outstanding religious organization of modern India. It is devoted to the propagation of the Hindu spiritual culture not only in the Swami’s native land, but also in America and in other parts of the world.

Swami Vivekananda once spoke of himself as a ‘condensed India.’ His life and teachings are of inestimable value to the West for an understanding of the mind of Asia. William James, the Harvard philosopher, called the Swami the ‘paragon of Vedantists.’ Max Müller and Paul Deussen, the famous Orientalists of the nineteenth century, held him in genuine respect and affection. ‘His words,’ writes Romain Rolland, ‘are great music, phrases in the style of Beethoven, stirring rhythms like the march of Handel choruses. I cannot touch these sayings of his, scattered as they are through the pages of books, at thirty years’ distance, without receiving a thrill through my body like an electric shock. And what shocks, what transports, must have been produced when in burning words they issued from the lips of the hero!’

***************************************** HAPPY YOUTH DAY BY EDUTAIL TEAM ****************************************

Resume is a French word, meaning “summary” and signifies a brief account of one’s education, employment & other skills, used in applying for a new position. But, if you are a fresher,then the bottom line is: To look good on paper.

Freshers Resume Writing:

Top 10 Tips for Fresher Graduates

Going by the saying “You never get a second chance to make a first impression”, let’s decode some of the tips & tricks to construct an eye-grabbing resume.

1.    Own the Format:
•    There is no one correct resume format. A resume is essentially a way to showcase your profile in your very own personal style. Highlight what You think makes a more impressive statement.

2.    Include the Basics:
•    Objective – in about 2-3 lines to highlight your focus in life, amalgamated with your skills & job requirement, in order to attract the employer.
•    Contact Info – Relevant, Current & Correct.
•    Education – Mention both, the degrees as well as the credentials, in a complete fashion. Also, specify any certifications undergone for that extra edge.
•    Experience – This includes both, the job responsibilities held so far and the crux of projects undertaken during training (for fresher).
•    Skill-Set – List all the technologies you have worked in & other buzz words that describe your potential best.

3.    Entice with Specifics:
•    If you are multi-talented or are seeking jobs in different sectors, then you must modify your resume suiting the needs of that particular job.
•    Highlight your expertise and strength in that field to appear the most deserving of that spot. In such cases, you can neglect other irrelevant details, which otherwise may be vital.

4.   Important Pointer:
•    One interesting & efficacious thing to mention in your resume is the Volunteer Professional activities. These not only demonstrate your leadership, commitment & hardworking abilities but, also diversify your interest & skill set.
•    Now, one thing you can easily omit from your resume is References. Include them, only if asked.

5.    Advertise Yourself:
•    Don’t sell yourself short. You must have read it at multiple instances. But, it surely is an aspect worth noting. Be concise. Flaunt all your valuable assets, even if they don’t seem to fit, mention anyways. Your resume is like an advertisement, sell yourself well.

6.    Reverse It:
•    You must always list your qualifications & experiences or anything that has a chronology, in a reverse order. Last – first meaning, in order of relevance, from most to least and current to previous.

7.   White Spaces:
•    Being a fresher is an advantage in resume-writing. Due to ample paper space, try to highlight your key skills by surrounding them with White Spaces. This helps in easy scan & non-cram presentation of your resume.

8.    Formatting Counts:
•    Use of appropriate fonts (Times New Roman, Arial etc.), margins (1.5 inches preferably) & indentation is a key to a presentable resume. Don’t make a fancy sheet overloaded with creativity.
•    Also, always make a .doc (Word Document) with a size within 100Kb or maximum 2 pages with, a decent file name.

9.    Fresh-eye proofreading:
•    Apart from essential spell-check, grammatical anomalies & punctuations make sure to get your resume proofread by people attentive to details and do consider their objective critiques.

10.   Viewability:
•    Especially for fresher, an important aspect is to target the recruiters best-suited. To market your resume & make it viewable, use right sources & right networking.

Apart from these above mentioned thumb rules, you can always refer some pre-designed resumes for help. But, always try to own it!

Some interesting about Collective noun

ऐंट (ant) और आर्मी (army) में क्या संबंध है या फिर एप यानी लंगूर और ट्रूप (troop) में क्या संबंध है.

आर्मी (army) शब्द ऐंट (ant) की समूहवाचक संज्ञा (Collective Noun) के तौर पर जाना जाता है जबकि एप्स यानी लंगूर के समूह के लिए ट्रूप (troop) का प्रयोग होता है.

कुछ Collective Noun

आम तौर पर मवेशियों के समूह के लिए हर्ड का प्रयोग करते हैं

ऐंट(ant) यानी चींटी के समूह के लिए बहुत सारे शब्द प्रयोग किए जाते हैं. जैसे आर्मी (army), बाइक (bike), कॉलोनी (colony) और स्वार्म (swarm). यह सारे शब्द उनकी दशा को भी दिखाते हैं.

जब चीटियाँ एक क़तार में चल रही हों, समान वग़ैरह ढ़ो रही हों तो आर्मी की तरह दिखती है. बाइक के तौर पर वह उस समय होती हैं जब बड़ी तेज़ी से एक रास्ते पर भागी जा रही हों. जहां चिंटियों का आवास हो वह कॉलोनी कहलाता है और जहां उनका छत्ता हो वह स्वार्म कहलाता है.

एप्स (Apes) यानी लंगूर के समूह के लिए ट्रुप (troop) शब्द का प्रयोग किया जाता है. अगर आपने ग़ौर किया हो तो आप देखेंगे कि लंगूर जब कहीं जाते हैं तो फ़ौजी अंदाज़ में एक दूसरे को मार्क करते हुए बढ़ते है.

बंदरों के एक प्रकार बबून के लिए भी ट्रुप (troop) का इस्तेमाल करते हैं इसके अलावा उनके लिए फ़्लॉंज (Flange) का भी प्रयोग किया जाता है.

चिड़ियों से संबंधित

चिड़ियों (birds) के समूह के लिए आम तौर पर फ़्लौक (flock) शब्द का प्रयोग होता है जैसे कि Birds of a feather flock together जैसे मुहावरे में इसका प्रयोग किया गया है. इसके लिए फ़्लीट (fleet), पार्सल (parcel), पॉड (pod), और वोलेरी (volary) का भी प्रयोग होता है.

चिड़ियों (birds) के समूह के लिए आम तौर पर फ़्लौक (flock) शब्द का प्रयोग होता है

चिड़ियों के लिए फ़लाईट का प्रयोग उस वक़्त होता है जब वह परवाज़ में हों यानी उड़ रही हों.

एक्ज़ालटेशन (exaltation) का प्रयोग लार्क यानी चकोर को लिए होता है जब वह सीधे आसमान की ओर चांद को पाने की ख़्वाहिश में उड़ता है.

गैगल (gaggle) का प्रयोग बत्तख़ो के झुंड के लिए होता है, इसकी एक वजह यह भी है कि जब वह चलती हैं तो एक प्रकार की गैगल यानी कॉं कॉं की आवाज़ आती है.

मर्डर (murder) कौओं के झुंड के लिए प्रयोग होता है, इसकी ख़ास वजह है कि वह किसी लाश पर सबसे ज़्यादा शोर मचाते हैं और अगर उनमें से किसी को मार दिया जाए तो मानों तूफ़ान ही मचा दें.

पालतू जानवरों से संबंधित

मवेशी यानी (cattle) के लिए आम तौर पर हर्ड (herd) और मॉब (mob)का प्रयोग किया जाता है वैसे कैटल तो ख़ुद भी एक समूहवाचक संज्ञा है.

आसेज़ (asses) यानी गधों के समूह के लिए कॉफ़ल (coffle) का प्रयोग उस वक़्त किया जाता है जब गधों को एक रस्सी में क़ाफ़िले के रुप में ले जाया जाए. उनके झुंड या समूह को आम तौर पर हर्ड (herd) और पेस (pace or passé) कहते हैं.

कुत्ते के झुंड के लिए हम पैक (pack) का प्रयोग करते हैं और रहने की जगह को kennel कहते हैं

गाय भैंस के समूह के लिए आम तौर पर हर्ड का प्रयोग होता है, भैंस के लिए गैंग का भी प्रयोग होता है, ख़ास तौर से भैंसे के लिए क्योंकि उनमें लड़ने की प्रवृति काफ़ी होती है.

कैमेल्स (camels) यानी ऊँटों के समूह को फ़्लौक (flock) और हर्ड (herd) कहते हैं लेकिन जब वे सामानों से लदे हुए एक समूह में हो तो उसके लिए कारवां (caravan) का प्रयोग करते हैं या फिर जब वह एक क़तार में सफ़र कर रहा हो तो उसे ट्रेन (train) कहते हैं.

डॉग (dog) यानी कुत्ते के झुंड के लिए हम पैक (pack) का प्रयोग करते हैं और उसके रहने की जगह को हम केनेल (kennel) कहते हैं.

शेर, चीते और बाघ के लिए

pride of lions
sault of lions
sowse of lions
troop of lions
leap of leopards
leep of leopards
lepe of leopards
ambush of tigers
streak of tigers

हाथी और बैल के लिए प्रयुक्त

शेर की अपनी ही चाल होती है

memory of elephants
parade of elephants
herd of oxen
span of oxen
team of oxen
yoke of oxen (दो के लिए प्रयुक्त)

कुछ और याद रखने के लिए…

exaltation, a flight of larks
flight, a flock of birds in flight
host of sparrows
kennel, a number of hounds or dogs housed in one place or under the same ownership
murder, a flock of crows
muster, a flock of peacocks

pod, a small herd of seals or whales
pride, a company of lions
school, a congregation of fish, or aquatic mammals such as dolphins or porpoises
sloth, a company of bears
stable, a number of horses housed in one place or under the same ownership

swarm, a colony of insects, such as ants, bees, or wasps, especially when migrating to a new nest or hive
warren, the inhabitants, such as rabbits, of a warren
watch, a flock of nightingales
zeal of zebras

अगर फूलों की सेज के लिए बेड का प्रयोग होता है तो सांपों के झुंड के लिए भी बेड शब्द का प्रयोग होता है. सावधान कहीं बेड ऑफ़ रोज़ेज़ की जगह बेड ऑफ़ स्नेक्स न हो. सांपों के लिए bed of snakes के अलावा den of snakes और nest of snakes का भी प्रयोग होता है.

अगर बंच का रोज़ेज़ और कीज़ के लिए प्रयोग होता है तो बंच का हिरन के लिए भी प्रयोग होता है. डियर (deer ) यानी हिरन के लिए बंच (bunch), हर्ड (herd) और मॉब (mob) का प्रयोग किया जाता ह

Some Promise which have to be been done in this year

New Year’s Eve has always been a time for looking back to the past, and more importantly, forward to the coming year. It’s a time to reflect on the changes we want (or need) to make and resolve to follow through on those changes. Did your New Year resolutions make our top ten lists?

1. Spend More Time with Family & Friends

Recent polls conducted by General Nutrition Centers, Quicken, and others shows that more than 50% of Americans vow to appreciate loved ones and spend more time with family and friends this year. Make plans to meet up with friends for an evening of camaraderie at a favorite Pittsburgh restaurant or take the family to one of these popular Pittsburgh places for family fun. Work shouldn’t always come first!

2. Fit in Fitness

The evidence is in for fitness. Regular exercise has been associated with more health benefits than anything else known to man. Studies show that it reduces the risk of some cancers, increases longevity, helps achieve and maintain weight loss, enhances mood, lowers blood pressure, and even improves arthritis. In short, exercise keeps you healthy and makes you look and feel better. Why not make this the time to start getting in shape for one of these popular Pittsburgh Area Charity Walks, Runs or Rides?

3. Tame the Bulge

Over 66 percent of adult Americans are considered overweight or obese by recent studies, so it is not surprising to find that weight loss is one of the most popular New Year’s resolutions. Setting reasonable goals and staying focused are the two most important factors in sticking with a weight loss program, and the key to success for those millions of Americans who made a New Year’s commitment to shed extra pounds.

4. Quit Smoking

If you have resolved to make this the year that you stamp out your smoking habit, over-the-counter availability of nicotine replacement therapy now provides easier access to proven quit-smoking aids. Even if you’ve tried to quit before and failed, don’t let it get you down. On average, smokers try about four times before they quit for good. Start enjoying the rest of your smoke-free life! Even Allegheny County is trying to go smoke-free, and it’s taken them a few tries as well. Locally, there are a variety of free support services, hotlines and smoking cessation classes to help you kick the smoking habit.

5. Enjoy Life More

Given the hectic, stressful lifestyles of millions of Americans, it is no wonder that “enjoying life more” has become a popular resolution in recent years. It’s an important step to a happier and healthier you! Consider one of Pittsburgh’s holistic healing centers for products designed to bring balance to your body, mind and soul. Or just get out and try something new! Take up a new hobby or try your hand at skiing. Go to a theater performance, or head to the local spa. Pittsburgh offers a wealth of artistic and recreational activities to meet just about anyone’s wishes.

6. Quit Drinking

While many people use the New Year as an incentive to finally stop drinking, most are not equipped to make such a drastic lifestyle change all at once. Many heavy drinkers fail to quit cold turkey but do much better when they taper gradually, or even learn to moderate their drinking. If you have decided that you want to stop drinking, there is a world of help and support available. Pittsburgh Alcoholics Anonymous offers meetings throughout the greater Pittsburgh area. There is also a Pittsburgh group for Parents of Teenage Alcohol and Drug Abusers. There are also a number of treatment-based programs, as well as support groups for families of alcoholics.

7. Get Out of Debt

Was money a big source of stress in your life last year? Join the millions of Americans who have resolved to spend this year getting a handle on their finances. It’s a promise that will repay itself many times over in the year ahead.

8. Learn Something New

Have you vowed to make this year the year to learn something new? Perhaps you are considering a career change, want to learn a new language, or just how to fix your computer? Whether you take a course or read a book, you’ll find education to be one of the easiest, most motivating New Year’s resolutions to keep. The Community College of Allegheny County offers a wide variety of “lifelong learning” courses, and local YMCA’s offer great recreational training for beginners of all ages. Most local colleges and universities offer distance and adult education programs. Or if the arts are more your thing, places such as the Carnegie Museum of Art and the Pittsburgh Center for the Arts offer adult studio classes

9. Help Others

A popular, non-selfish New Year’s resolution, volunteerism can take many forms. Whether you choose to spend time helping out at your local library, mentoring a child, or building a house, there are many nonprofit volunteer organizations that could really use your help. The Pittsburgh Cares organization makes it easy by connecting volunteers with projects to fit practically any schedule. Or if your time is really in short supply, maybe you can at least find it in you to donate the furniture, clothing and other household items that you no longer need, rather than leaving them out by the curb to fill up our landfills.

10. Get Organized

On just about every New Year resolution top ten list, organization can be a very reasonable goal. Whether you want you’re home organized enough that you can invite someone over on a whim, or your office organized enough that you can find the stapler when you need it, these tips and resources should get you started on the way to a more organized life. Pittsburgh has quite a few professional organizers who can help you reduce the clutter in your life and find peace in your home. Professional Pittsburgh organizer Patty Creamer even offers a six-month But I Might Need it Someday! Recourse.

Here is some unique collection of question which are really very rare please have a look to it side.

Qustions:

1. What programming language is GOOGLE developed in?

2. What is the expansion of YAHOO?

3. What is the expansion of ADIDAS?

4. Expansion of Star as in Star TV Network?

5. What is expansion of “ICICI?”

6. What does “baker’s dozen” signify?

7. The 1984-85 season. 2nd ODI between India and Pakistan at Sialkot – India 210/3 with Vengsarkar 94*. Match abandoned. Why?

8. Who is the only man to have written the National Anthems for two different countries?

9. From what four word expression does the word `goodbye` derive?

10. How was Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu better known?

11. Name the only other country to have got independence on Aug 15th?

12. Why was James Bond Associated with the Number 007?

13. Who faced the first ball in the first ever One day match?

14. Which cricketer played for South Africa before it was banned from international cricket and later represented Zimbabwe ?

15. The faces of which four Presidents are carved at Mt.Rushmore?

16. Which is the only country that is surrounded from all sides by only one country (other than Vatican )?

17. Which is the only sport which is not allowed to play left handed?

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Answers: 

1. Google is written in Asynchronous java-script and XML, or its acronym Ajax

2. Yet Another Hierarchy of Officious Oracle

3. ADIDAS- All Day I Dream About Sports

4. Satellite Television Asian Region

5. Industrial credit and Investments Corporation of India

6. A baker’s dozen consists of 13 items – 1 more than the items in a normal dozen

7. That match was abandoned after people heard the news of Indira Gandhi being killed.

8. Rabindranath Tagore who wrote national anthem for two different countries one is our ‘s National anthem and another one is for Bangladesh- (Amar Sonar* *Bangla)

9. Goodbye comes from the ex-pression: ‘god be with you’.

10. Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu is none other Mother Teresa.

11. South Korea .

12. Because 007 is the ISD code for Russia (or the USSR , as it was known during the cold war)

13. Geoffrey Boycott

14. John Traicos

15. George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln

16. Lesotho surrounded from all sides by South Africa .

17. Polo.

*See how Lokpal Bill can curb the politicians (Circulate it to create awareness)

Existing System

1.No politician or senior officer ever goes to jail despite huge evidence because Anti Corruption Branch (ACB) and CBI directly come under the government. Before starting investigation or initiating prosecution in any case, they have to take permission from the same bosses, against whom the case has to be investigated.
2. No corrupt officer is dismissed from the job because Central Vigilance Commission, which is supposed to dismiss corrupt officers, is only an advisory body. Whenever it advises government to dismiss any senior corrupt officer, its advice is never implemented.
3. No action is taken against corrupt judges because permission is required from the Chief Justice of India to even register an FIR against corrupt judges.
4. Nowhere to go – People expose corruption but no action is taken on their complaints.
5. There is so much corruption within CBI and vigilance departments. Their functioning is so secret that it encourages corruption within these agencies.
6. Weak and corrupt people are appointed as heads of anti-corruption agencies.
7. Citizens face harassment in government offices. Sometimes they are forced to pay bribes. One can only complaint to senior officers. No action is taken on complaints because senior officers also get their cut.
8. Nothing in law to recover ill gotten wealth. A corrupt person can come out of jail and enjoy that money.
9. Small punishment for corruption- Punishment for corruption is minimum 6 months and maximum 7 years.

System Proposed by civil society

1.Lokpal at centre and Lokayukta at state level will be independent bodies. ACB and CBI will be merged into these bodies. They will have power to initiate investigations and prosecution against any officer or politician without needing anyone’s permission. Investigation should be completed within 1 year and trial to get over in next 1 year. Within two years, the corrupt should go to jail.
2. Lokpal and Lokayukta will have complete powers to order dismissal of a corrupt officer. CVC and all departmental vigilance will be merged into Lokpal and state vigilance will be merged into Lokayukta.
3. Lokpal & Lokayukta shall have powers to investigate and prosecute any judge without needing anyone’s permission.
4. Lokpal & Lokayukta will have to enquire into and hear every complaint.
5. All investigations in Lokpal & Lokayukta shall be transparent. After completion of investigation, all case records shall be open to public. Complaint against any staff of Lokpal & Lokayukta shall be enquired and punishment announced within two months.
6. Politicians will have absolutely no say in selections of Chairperson and members of Lokpal & Lokayukta. Selections will take place through a transparent and public participatory process.
7. Lokpal & Lokayukta will get public grievances resolved in time bound manner, impose a penalty of Rs 250 per day of delay to be deducted from the salary of guilty officer and award that amount as compensation to the aggrieved citizen.
8. Loss caused to the government due to corruption will be recovered from all accused.
9. Enhanced punishment – The punishment would be minimum 5 years and maximum of life imprisonment.

*It may be depending upon the various thought

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Edutail Team wishes good luck for all the candidate