FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS – General

12. Definition.—In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires, “the State’’ includes the Government and Parliament of India and the Government and the Legislature of each of the States and all local or other authorities within the territory of India or under the control of the Government of India
13. Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rights.—
1. All laws in force in theterritoryofIndiaimmediately before the commencement of this Constitution, in so far as they are inconsistent with the provisions of this Part, shall, to the extent of such inconsistency, be void.
2. this Part aThe State shall not make any law which takes away or abridges the rights conferred by nd any law made in contravention of this clause shall, to the extent of the contravention, be void.
3. In this article, unless the context otherwise requires,
1. “law” includes any Ordinance, order, bye-law, rule, regulation, notification, custom or usage having in theterritoryofIndiathe force of law
2. “laws in force” includes laws passed or made by a Legislature or other competent authority in the territory of India before the commencement of this Constitution and not previously repealed, notwithstanding that any such law or any part thereof may not be then in operation either at all or in particular areas.
4. ¹ Nothing in this article shall apply to any amendment of this Constitution made under article 368.

Right to Equality

14. Equality before law.—The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within theterritory ofIndia.
15. Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth.—
1. The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them.
2. No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them, be subject to any disability, liability, restriction or condition with regard to—
1. access to shops, public restaurants, hotels and places of public entertainment; or
2. the use of wells, tanks, bathing ghats, roads and places of public resort maintained wholly or partly out of State funds or dedicated to the use of the general public.
3. Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making any special provision for women and children.
4. Nothing in this article or in clause (2) of article 29 shall prevent the State from making any special provision for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes.²
16. Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment.—
1. There shall be equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to employment or appointment to any office under the State.
2. No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, descent, place of birth, residence or any of them, be ineligible for, or discriminated against in respect of, any employment or office under the State.
3. Nothing in this article shall prevent Parliament from making any law prescribing, in regard to a class or classes of employment or appointment to an office ³[under the Government of, or any local or other authority within, a State or Union territory, any requirement as to residence within that State or Union territory] prior to such employment or appointment.
4. Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making any provision for the reservation of appointments or posts in favour of any backward class of citizens which, in the opinion of the State, is not adequately represented in the services under the State.
   ⁴[(4A) Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making any provision for reservation ⁵[in matters of promotion, with consequential seniority, to any class] or classes of posts in the services under the State in favour of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes which, in the opinion of the State, are not adequately represented in the services under the State].
   ⁶[(4B) Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from considering any unfilled vacancies of a year which are reserved for being filled up in that year in accordance with any provision for reservation made under clause (4) or clause (4A) as a separate class of vacancies to be filled up in any succeeding year or years and such class of vacancies shall not be considered together with the vacancies of the year in which they are being filled up for determining the ceiling of fifty per cent. reservation on total number of vacancies of that year.]
5. Nothing in this article shall affect the operation of any law which provides that the incumbent of an office in connection with the affairs of any religious or denominational institution or any member of the governing body thereof shall be a person professing a particular religion or belonging to a particular denomination.
17. Abolition of Untouchability.—“Untouchability’’ is abolished and its practice in any form is forbidden. The enforcement of any disability arising out of “Untouchability’’ shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law.
18. Abolition of titles.—
1. No title, not being a military or academic distinction, shall be conferred by the State.
2. No citizen ofIndiashall accept any title from any foreign State.
3. No person who is not a citizen of India shall, while he holds any office of profit or trust under the State, accept without the consent of the President any title from any foreign State.
4. No person holding any office of profit or trust under the State shall, without the consent of the President, accept any present, emolument, or office of any kind from or under any foreign State.

Right to Freedom

19. Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc.—
1. All citizens shall have the right—
1. to freedom of speech and expression;
2. to assemble peaceably and without arms;
3. to form associations or unions;
4. to move freely throughout theterritoryofIndia;
5. to reside and settle in any part of the territoryof India; ⁷[and]
6. to practise any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade or business.⁸
2. ⁹[(2) Nothing in sub-clause (a) of clause (1) shall affect the operation of any existing law, or prevent the State from making any law, in so far as such law imposes reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the right conferred by the said sub-clause in the interests of ¹⁰[the sovereignty and integrity of India,] the security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States, public order, decency or morality, or in relation to contempt of court, defamation or incitement to an offence.]
3. Nothing in sub-clause (b) of the said clause shall affect the operation of any existing law in so far as it imposes, or prevent the State from making any law imposing, in the interests of ¹⁰[the sovereignty and integrity of India or] public order, reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the right conferred by the said sub-clause.
4. Nothing in sub-clause (c) of the said clause shall affect the operation of any existing law in so far as it imposes, or prevent the State from making any law imposing, in the interests of ¹⁰[the sovereignty and integrity of India or] public order or morality, reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the right conferred by the said sub-clause.
5. Nothing in ¹¹[sub-clauses (d) and (e)] of the said clause shall affect the operation of any existing law in so far as it imposes, or prevent the State from making any law imposing, reasonable restrictions on the exercise of any of the rights conferred by the said sub-clauses either in the interests of the general public or for the protection of the interests of any Scheduled Tribe.
6. Nothing in sub-clause (g) of the said clause shall affect the operation of any existing law in so far as it imposes, or prevent the State from making any law imposing, in the interests of the general public, reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the right conferred by the said sub-clause, and, in particular, ¹²[nothing in the said sub-clause shall affect the operation of any existing law in so far as it relates to, or prevent the State from making any law relating to,—

1.                                                         i.            the professional or technical qualifications necessary for practising any profession or carrying on any occupation, trade or business, or
2.                                                       ii.            the carrying on by the State, or by a corporation owned or controlled by the State, of any trade, business, industry or service, whether to the exclusion, complete or partial, of citizens or otherwise.]

20. Protection in respect of conviction for offences.—
1. No person shall be convicted of any offence except for violation of a law in force at the time of the commission of the Act charged as an offence, nor be subjected to a penalty greater than that which might have been inflicted under the law in force at the time of the commission of the offence.
2. No person shall be prosecuted and punished for the same offence more than once.
3. No person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.
21. Protection of life and personal liberty.—No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law.
    [21A. Right to education.—The State shall provide free and Compulsory education to all children of the age of six to fourteen years in such manner as the State may, by law, determine.]¹³
22. Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases.¹⁴—
1. No person who is arrested shall be detained in custody without being informed, as soon as may be, of the grounds for such arrest nor shall he be denied the right to consult, and to be defended by, a legal practitioner of his choice.
2. Every person who is arrested and detained in custody shall be produced before the nearest magistrate within a period of twenty-four hours of such arrest excluding the time necessary for the journey from the place of arrest to the court of the magistrate and no such person shall be detained in custody beyond the said period without the authority of a magistrate.
3. Nothing in clauses (1) and (2) shall apply—

.            to any person who for the time being is an enemy alien; or

1.                                                        a.            to any person who is arrested or detained under any law providing for preventive detention.

4. No law providing for preventive detention shall authorise the detention of a person for a longer period than three months unless—

.            an Advisory Board consisting of persons who are, or have been, or are qualified to be appointed as, Judges of a High Court has reported before the expiration of the said period of three months that there is in its opinion sufficient cause for such detention:
Provided that nothing in this sub-clause shall authorise the detention of any person beyond the maximum period prescribed by any law made by Parliament under sub-clause (b) of clause (7); or

1.                                                        a.            such person is detained in accordance with the provisions of any law made by Parliament under sub-clauses (a) and (b) of clause (7).

5. When any person is detained in pursuance of an order made under any law providing for preventive detention, the authority making the order shall, as soon as may be, communicate to such person the grounds on which the order has been made and shall afford him the earliest opportunity of making a representation against the order.
6. Nothing in clause (5) shall require the authority making any such order as is referred to in that clause to disclose facts which such authority considers to be against the public interest to disclose.
7. Parliament may by law prescribe—

.            the circumstances under which, and the class or classes of cases in which, a person may be detained for a period longer than three months under any law providing for preventive detention without obtaining the opinion of an Advisory Board in accordance with the provisions of sub-clause (a) of clause (4);

1.                                                        a.            the maximum period for which any person may in any class or classes of cases be detained under any law providing for preventive detention; and
2.                                                       b.            the procedure to be followed by an Advisory Board in an inquiry under sub-clause (a) of clause

Right against Exploitation

23. Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour.—
1. Traffic in human beings and begar and other similar forms of forced labour are prohibited and any contravention of this provision shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law.
2. Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from imposing compulsory service for public purposes, and in imposing such service the State shall not make any discrimination on grounds only of religion, race, caste or class or any of them.
24. Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc.—No child below the age of fourteen years shall be employed to work in any factory or mine or engaged in any other hazardous employment.

Right to Freedom of Religion

25. Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion. –
1. Subject to public order, morality and health and to the other provisions of this Part, all persons are equally entitled to freedom of conscience and the right freely to profess, practise and propagate religion.
2. Nothing in this article shall affect the operation of any existing law or prevent the State from making any law:-

.            regulating or restricting any economic, financial, political or other secular activity which may be associated with religious practice;

1.                                                        a.            providing for social welfare and reform or the throwing open of Hindu religious institutions of a public character to all classes and sections of Hindus.>

Explanation I. – The wearing and carrying of kirpans shall be deemed to be included in the profession of the Sikh religion.
Explanation II. – n sub-clause (b) of clause (2), the reference to Hindus shall be construed as including a reference to persons professing the Sikh, Jaina or Buddhist religion, and the reference to Hindu religious institutions shall be construed accordingly.

26. Freedom to manage religious affairs.- Subject to public order, morality and health, every religious denomination or any section thereof shall have the right -

1. to establish and maintain institutions for religious and charitable purposes;
2. to manage its own affairs in matters of religion;
3. to own and acquire movable and immovable property; and
4. to administer such property in accordance with law.
5. No religious instruction shall be provided in any educational institution wholly maintained out of State funds.
6. Nothing in clause (1) shall apply to an educational institution which is administered by the State but has been established under any endowment or trust which requires that religious instruction shall be imparted in such institution.
7. No person attending any educational institution recognised by the State or receiving aid out of State funds shall be required to take part in any religious instruction that may be imparted in such institution or to attend any religious worship that may be conducted in such institution or in any premises attached thereto unless such person or, if such person is a minor, his guardian has given his consent thereto.
8. Any section of the citizens residing in theterritoryofIndiaor any part thereof having a distinct language, script or culture of its own shall have the right to conserve the same.
9. No citizen shall be denied admission into any educational institution maintained by the State or receiving aid out of State funds on grounds only of religion, race, caste, language or any of them.
10. All minorities, whether based on religion or language, shall have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.
    [(1A)¹⁵ In making any law providing for the compulsory acquisition of any property of an educational institution established and administered by a minority, referred to in clause (1), the State shall ensure that the amount fixed by or determined under such law for the acquisition of such property is such as would not restrict or abrogate the right guaranteed under that clause.]
11. The State shall not, in granting aid to educational institutions, discriminate against any educational institution on the ground that it is under the management of a minority, whether based on religion or language.¹⁶

27. Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion.—No person shall be compelled to pay any taxes, the proceeds of which are specifically appropriated in payment of expenses for the promotion or maintenance of any particular religion or religious denomination.
28. Freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in certain educational institutions.—

Cultural and Educational Rights

29. Protection of interests of minorities.—

30. Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions. —

31. [Compulsory acquisition of property.] Rep. By the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, s. 6 (w.e.f. 20-6-1979). ¹⁷[Saving of Certain Laws]
    ¹⁸[31A. Saving of laws providing for acquisition of estates, etc.—
    ¹⁹[(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in article 13, no law providing for—

.        the acquisition by the State of any estate or of any rights therein or the extinguishment or modification of any such rights, or

1. the taking over of the management of any property by the State for a limited period either in the public interest or in order to secure the proper management of the property, or
2. the amalgamation of two or more corporations either in the public interest or in order to secure the proper management of any of the corporations, or
3. the extinguishment or modification of any rights of managing agents, secretaries and treasurers, managing directors, directors or managers of corporations, or of any voting rights of shareholders thereof, or
4. the extinguishment or modification of any rights accruing by virtue of any agreement, lease or licence for the purpose of searching for, or winning, any mineral or mineral oil, or the premature termination or cancellation of any such agreement, lease or licence, shall be deemed to be void on the ground that it is inconsistent with, or takes away or abridges any of the rights conferred by ²⁰[article 14 or article 19:]
   Provided that where such law is a law made by the Legislature of a State, the provisions of this article shall not apply thereto unless such law, having been reserved for the consideration of the President, has received his assent:]

²¹[Provided further that where any law makes any provision for the acquisition by the State of any estate and where any land comprised therein is held by a person under his personal cultivation, it shall not be lawful for the State to acquire any portion of such land as is within the ceiling limit applicable to him under any law for the time being in force or any building or structure standing thereon or appurtenant thereto, unless the law relating to the acquisition of such land, building or structure, provides for payment of compensation at a rate which shall not be less than the market value thereof.]
(2) In this article,—
²²[

1. the expression ‘‘estate’’ shall, in relation to any local area, have the same meaning as that expression or its local equivalent has in the existing law relating to land tenures in force in that area and shall also include—

2.  any jagir, inam or muafi or other similar grant and in the States of ²³[Tamil Nadu] and Kerala, any janmam right

i.            any land held under ryotwari settlement;

ii.            any land held or let for purposes of agriculture or for purposes ancillary thereto, including waste land, forest land, land for pasture or sites of buildings and other structures occupied by cultivators of land, agricultural labourers and village artisans;]

1. the expression ‘‘rights’’, in relation to an estate, shall include any rights vesting in a proprietor, sub-proprietor, under-proprietor, tenure-holder, ²⁴[raiyat, under-raiyat] or other intermediary and any rights or privileges in respect of land revenue.]

²⁵[31B. Validation of certain Acts and Regulations.—Without prejudice to the generality of the provisions contained in article 31A, none of the Acts and Regulations specified in the Ninth Schedule nor any of the provisions thereof shall be deemed to be void, or ever to have become void, on the ground that such Act, Regulation or provision is inconsistent with, or takes away or abridges any of the rights conferred by, any provisions of this Part, and notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any court or Tribunal to the contrary, each of the said Acts and Regulations shall, subject to the power of any competent Legislature to repeal or amend it, continue in force.]
²⁶[31C. Saving of laws giving effect to certain directive principles.—Notwithstanding anything contained in article 13, no law giving effect to the policy of the State towards securing ²⁷[all or any of the principles laid down in Part IV] shall be deemed to be void on the ground that it is inconsistent with, or takes away or abridges any of the rights conferred by ²⁸[article 14 or article 19]; ²⁹and no law containing a declaration that it is for giving effect to such policy shall be called in question in any court on the ground that it does not give effect to such policy:
Provided that where such law is made by the Legislature of a State, the provisions of this article shall not apply thereto unless such law, having been reserved for the consideration of the President, has received his assent.
³⁰31D. [Saving of laws in respect of anti-national activities.] Rep. by the Constitution (Forty-third Amendment) Act,1977, s.2 (w.e.f.13-4-1978).

Right to Constitutional Remedies

32. Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this Part. -

1. The right to move the Supreme Court by appropriate proceedings for the enforcement of the rights conferred by this Part is guaranteed.
2. The Supreme Court shall have power to issue directions or orders or writs, including writs in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari, whichever may be appropriate, for the enforcement of any of the rights conferred by this Part.
3. Without prejudice to the powers conferred on the Supreme Court by clauses (1) and (2), Parliament may by law empower any other court to exercise within the local limits of its jurisdiction all or any of the powers exercisable by the Supreme Court under clause (2).
4. The right guaranteed by this article shall not be suspended except as otherwise provided for by this Constitution.
   ³¹32A. [Constitutional validity of State laws not to be considered in proceedings under article 32.] Rep. by the Constitution (Forty-third Amendment) Act, 1977, s.3 (w.e.f. 13-4-1978).

33. Power of Parliament to modify the rights conferred by this Part in their application to Forces, etc.³² – Parliament may, by law, determine to what extent any of the rights conferred by this Part shall, in their application to,—

.        the members of the Armed Forces; or

1. the members of the Forces charged with the maintenance of public order; or
2. persons employed in any bureau or other organisation established by the State for purposes of intelligence or counter intelligence; or
3. persons employed in, or in connection with, the telecommunication systems set up for the purposes of any Force, bureau or organisation referred to in clauses (a) to (c), be restricted or abrogated so as to ensure the proper discharge of their duties and the maintenance of discipline among them

34. Restriction on rights conferred by this Part while martial law is in force in any area. – Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing provisions of this Part, Parliament may by law indemnify any person in the service of the Union or of a State or any other person in respect of any act done by him in connection with the maintenance or restoration of order in any area within the territory of India where martial law was in force or validate any sentence passed, punishment inflicted, forfeiture ordered or other act done under martial law in such area.
35. Legislation to give effect to the provisions of this Part. – Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution,—

1.        Parliament shall have, and the Legislature of a State shall not have, power to make laws—

2.        with respect to any of the matters which under clause (3) of article 16, clause (3) of article 32, article 33 and article 34 may be provided for by law made by Parliament; and

i.            for prescribing punishment for those acts which are declared to be offences under this Part;

ii.          and Parliament shall, as soon as may be after the commencement of this Constitution, make laws for prescribing                                punishment for the acts referred to in sub-clause (ii);

1. any law in force immediately before the commencement of this Constitution in the territory of India with respect to any of the matters referred to in sub-clause (i) of clause (a) or providing for punishment for any act referred to in sub-clause (ii) of that clause shall, subject to the terms thereof and to any adaptations and modifications that may be made therein under article 372, continue in force until altered or repealed or amended by Parliament.

*from the sources

Some Promise which have to be been done in this year

New Year’s Eve has always been a time for looking back to the past, and more importantly, forward to the coming year. It’s a time to reflect on the changes we want (or need) to make and resolve to follow through on those changes. Did your New Year resolutions make our top ten lists?

1. Spend More Time with Family & Friends

Recent polls conducted by General Nutrition Centers, Quicken, and others shows that more than 50% of Americans vow to appreciate loved ones and spend more time with family and friends this year. Make plans to meet up with friends for an evening of camaraderie at a favorite Pittsburgh restaurant or take the family to one of these popular Pittsburgh places for family fun. Work shouldn’t always come first!

2. Fit in Fitness

The evidence is in for fitness. Regular exercise has been associated with more health benefits than anything else known to man. Studies show that it reduces the risk of some cancers, increases longevity, helps achieve and maintain weight loss, enhances mood, lowers blood pressure, and even improves arthritis. In short, exercise keeps you healthy and makes you look and feel better. Why not make this the time to start getting in shape for one of these popular Pittsburgh Area Charity Walks, Runs or Rides?

3. Tame the Bulge

Over 66 percent of adult Americans are considered overweight or obese by recent studies, so it is not surprising to find that weight loss is one of the most popular New Year’s resolutions. Setting reasonable goals and staying focused are the two most important factors in sticking with a weight loss program, and the key to success for those millions of Americans who made a New Year’s commitment to shed extra pounds.

4. Quit Smoking

If you have resolved to make this the year that you stamp out your smoking habit, over-the-counter availability of nicotine replacement therapy now provides easier access to proven quit-smoking aids. Even if you’ve tried to quit before and failed, don’t let it get you down. On average, smokers try about four times before they quit for good. Start enjoying the rest of your smoke-free life! Even Allegheny County is trying to go smoke-free, and it’s taken them a few tries as well. Locally, there are a variety of free support services, hotlines and smoking cessation classes to help you kick the smoking habit.

5. Enjoy Life More

Given the hectic, stressful lifestyles of millions of Americans, it is no wonder that “enjoying life more” has become a popular resolution in recent years. It’s an important step to a happier and healthier you! Consider one of Pittsburgh’s holistic healing centers for products designed to bring balance to your body, mind and soul. Or just get out and try something new! Take up a new hobby or try your hand at skiing. Go to a theater performance, or head to the local spa. Pittsburgh offers a wealth of artistic and recreational activities to meet just about anyone’s wishes.

6. Quit Drinking

While many people use the New Year as an incentive to finally stop drinking, most are not equipped to make such a drastic lifestyle change all at once. Many heavy drinkers fail to quit cold turkey but do much better when they taper gradually, or even learn to moderate their drinking. If you have decided that you want to stop drinking, there is a world of help and support available. Pittsburgh Alcoholics Anonymous offers meetings throughout the greater Pittsburgh area. There is also a Pittsburgh group for Parents of Teenage Alcohol and Drug Abusers. There are also a number of treatment-based programs, as well as support groups for families of alcoholics.

7. Get Out of Debt

Was money a big source of stress in your life last year? Join the millions of Americans who have resolved to spend this year getting a handle on their finances. It’s a promise that will repay itself many times over in the year ahead.

8. Learn Something New

Have you vowed to make this year the year to learn something new? Perhaps you are considering a career change, want to learn a new language, or just how to fix your computer? Whether you take a course or read a book, you’ll find education to be one of the easiest, most motivating New Year’s resolutions to keep. The Community College of Allegheny County offers a wide variety of “lifelong learning” courses, and local YMCA’s offer great recreational training for beginners of all ages. Most local colleges and universities offer distance and adult education programs. Or if the arts are more your thing, places such as the Carnegie Museum of Art and the Pittsburgh Center for the Arts offer adult studio classes

9. Help Others

A popular, non-selfish New Year’s resolution, volunteerism can take many forms. Whether you choose to spend time helping out at your local library, mentoring a child, or building a house, there are many nonprofit volunteer organizations that could really use your help. The Pittsburgh Cares organization makes it easy by connecting volunteers with projects to fit practically any schedule. Or if your time is really in short supply, maybe you can at least find it in you to donate the furniture, clothing and other household items that you no longer need, rather than leaving them out by the curb to fill up our landfills.

10. Get Organized

On just about every New Year resolution top ten list, organization can be a very reasonable goal. Whether you want you’re home organized enough that you can invite someone over on a whim, or your office organized enough that you can find the stapler when you need it, these tips and resources should get you started on the way to a more organized life. Pittsburgh has quite a few professional organizers who can help you reduce the clutter in your life and find peace in your home. Professional Pittsburgh organizer Patty Creamer even offers a six-month But I Might Need it Someday! Recourse.

There is something more beyond our convection , imagination and thinking. only some of them we have known but rest are unknown till, so we are trying to brought out some more thing like this for our readers these are some good collection from various sources.
1. Look at your zipper. See the initials YKK? It stands for Yoshida Kogyo Kabushibibaisha, the world’s largest zipper manufacturer.

2. A raisin dropped in a glass of freshchampagne will bounce up and down continuously from the bottom of the glass to the top.

3. A duck’s quack doesn’t echo. No one knows why.

4. 40 percent of McDonald’s profits come from the sales of Happy Meals.

5. 315 entries in Webster’s 1996 Dictionary were misspelled.

6. On the average, 12 newborns will be given to the wrong parents daily.

7. Chocolate kills dogs! True, chocolate affects a dog’s heart and nervous system. A few ounces is enough to kill a small sized dog.

8. Most lipstick contains fish scales.

9. Ketchup was sold in the 1830′s as a medicine.

10. Leonardo da Vinci could write with one hand and draw with the other at the same time.

11. Because metal was scarce, the Oscars given out during World War II were made of wood.

12. There are no clocks in Las Vegas g@mbling casin0s.

13. Leonardo da Vinci invented scissors. Also, it took him 10 years to paint Mona Lisa’s lips.

14. Bruce Lee was so fast that they actually had to slow a film down so you could see his moves. That’s the opposite of the norm.

15. The original name for the butterfly was “flutterby”!

16. By raising your legs slowly and lying on your back, you can’t sink in quicksand.

17. Mosquito repellents don’t repel. They hide you. The spray blocks the mosquito’s sensors so they don’t know you’re there.

18. Dentists recommend that a toothbrush be kept at least six feet away from a toilet to avoid airborne particles resulting from the flush.

19. The first product to have a bar code was Wrigley’s gum.

20. The first owner of the Marlboro Company died of lung cancer.

21. Michael Jordan makes more money from Nike annually than the entire Nike factory workers in Malaysia combined.

22. Marilyn Monroe had six toes on one foot.

23. Adolf Hitler’s mother seriously considered having an abortion but was talked out of it by her doctor.

24. The three most valuable brand names on earth: Marlboro, Coca-Cola, and Budweiser, in that order.

25. “Stewardesses” is the longest word that can be typed with only the left hand.

26. To escape the grip of a crocodile’s jaws, prick your fingers into its eyeballs. It will let you go instantly.

27. A mathematical wonder: 111,111,111 multiplied by 111,111,111 gives the result 12, 345, 678, 987, 654, 321.

28. The most common name in the world is Mohammed.

29. The average person falls asleep in seven minutes.

30. The “pound” (#) key on your keyboard is called an octothorp.

31. The only domestic animal not mentioned in the Bible is the cat.

32. Rubber bands last longer when refrigerated.

33. The average person’s left hand does 56% of the typing.

34. “Dreamt” is the only word in the English language that ends in “mt”.

35. It’s impossible to sneeze with your eyes open.

36. In Chinese, the KFC slogan “finger lickin’ good” comes out as “eat your fingers off”.

37. A cockroach can live for 10 days without a head.

38. We shed 40 pounds of skin a lifetime.
39.Some lizard’s tail can survive up to 1 day after cut off his head
40. Yo-Yos were once used as weapons in the Philippines.

41. Coca-Cola can be used as car oil.

42. Mexico City sinks abut 10 inches a year.

43. Brains are more active sleeping than watching TV.

44. Blue is the favorite color of 80 percent of Americans.

45. When a person shakes their head from side to side, he is saying “yes” in Sri Lanka.

46. There are more chickens than people in the world.

47. It’s against the law in Iceland to have a dog.

48. The thumbnail grows the slowest, and the middle nail grows the fastest.

49. The only word in the English Language with all vowels in reverse order is “s ub c ont in ent al”.

50. There are more telephones than people in Washington, D.C.

Taxes

Value Added Tax

VAT is the indirect tax on the consumption of the goods, paid by its original producers upon the change in goods or upon the transfer of the goods to its ultimate consumers. It is based on the value of the goods, added by the transferor. It is the tax in relation to the difference of the value added by the transferor and not just a profit.

All over the world, VAT is payable on the goods and services as they form a part of national GDP. It means every seller of goods and service provider charges the tax after availing the input tax credit. It is the form of collecting sales tax under which tax is collected in each stage on the value added of the goods. In practice, the dealer charges the tax on the full price of the goods, sold to the consumer and at every end of the tax period reduces the tax collected on sale and tax charged to him by the dealers from whom he purchased the goods and deposits such amount of tax in government treasury.Method of Collection

There are two methods for collection of VAT in India. In the first method, tax is charged separately on the basis of the tax which is paid on purchase, and the tax that is payable on the sale (shown separately in the invoice). Therefore, the difference between the tax paid on purchase and the tax payable on sale as per the invoice is the VAT.

In the second method, tax is collected and charged on the aggregate value of the tax payable on sale and purchase, by applying the rate of tax applicable to the goods. Therefore, the difference between the sale price and purchase price would be VAT. It means VAT is the tax which consumers ultimately face, which is collected at each stage.

Sales tax is levied on the sale of a commodity, which is produced or imported and sold for the first time. If the product is sold subsequently without being processed further, it is exempt from sales tax.

Sales Tax is a levy on purchase and sale of goods in India and is levied under the authority of both Central Legislation (Central Sales Tax) and State Governments Legislations (Sales Tax). The government levies Sales Tax principally on intra-state sale of goods. States also levy tax on transactions which are “deemed sales” like works contracts and leases.

In addition to Sales Tax, some states also levy additional tax, surcharge, turnover tax and the like. Ordinarily, Sales tax is recovered from the buyer as a part of consideration for sale of goods.

Sales tax is paid by every dealer on the sale of any goods made by him in the course of inter-state trade or commerce, despite the fact that no liability to tax is raised on the sale of goods under the tax laws of the appropriate state.

Sales Tax ID number

A state Sales Tax ID number is essentially a business version of your Social Security number, under which you collect and pay tax for any service or product you sell, which in turn, qualifies for taxation in your state.

The rule of thumb for Sales Tax is that most services are exempt and most products are taxable except for food and drugs, though recent history reflects that states have been gradually adding to the list of services that are taxable.

Service Tax

Service tax is a tax levied on services rendered by a person and the responsibility of payment of the tax is cast on the service provider. It is an indirect tax as it can be recovered from the service receiver by the service provider in course of his business transactions. Service Tax was introduced in India in 1994 by Chapter V of the Finance Act, 1994 . It was imposed on a initial set of three services in 1994 and the scope of the service tax has since been expanded continuously by subsequent Finance Acts. The Finance Act, extends the levy of service tax to the whole of India, except the State of Jammu & Kashmir.

The Central Board of Excise & Customs (CBEC) under Department of Revenue in the Ministry of Finance, deals with the task of formulation of policy concerning levy and collection of Service Tax. In exercise of the powers conferred, the Central Government makes service tax rules for the purpose of the assessment and collection of service tax. The Service Tax is being administered by various Central Excise Commissionerates, working under the Central Board of Excise & Customs. There are six Commissionerates located at metropolitan cities of Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Ahmedabad and Bangalore which deal exclusively with work related to Service Tax. Directorate of Service Tax at Mumbai over sees the activities at the field level for technical and policy level coordination.

Registration

A person liable to pay service tax should file an application for registration within thirty days from the date on which the service tax on particular taxable service comes into effect or within thirty days from the commencement of his activity.

Every service provider of a taxable service is required to take registration by filing the Form ST-1 (External website that opens in a new window) in duplicate with the jurisdictional Central Excise Office (External website that opens in a new window).

A ‘registered’ service provider is referred to as an ‘assessee’.

A single registration is sufficient even when an assessee is providing more than one taxable services. However, he has to mention all the services being provided by him in the application for registration and the field office shall make suitable entries/endorsements in the registration certificate.

A fresh registration is required to be obtained in case of transfer of business to another person.

Any registered assessee when ceases to provide the taxable service shall surrender the registration certificate immediately.

In case a registered assessee starts providing any new service from the same premises, he need not apply for a fresh registration. He can simply fill in the Form S.T.1 for necessary amendments he desires to make in his existing information. The new form may be submitted to the jurisdictional Superintendent for necessary endorsement of the new service category in his Registration certificate.

In case of Individuals or Proprietary Concerns and Partnership Firm, service tax is to be paid on quarterly basis. The due date for payment of service tax is the 5th of the month immediately following the respective quarter. (Quarters are : April to June, July to September, October to December and January to March). However, payment for the last quarter i.e. January to March is required to be made by 31st of March itself. In case of any other category of service provider than specified above, service tax is to be paid on a monthly basis, by the 5th of the following month. However, payment for the month of March is required to be made by 31st of March itself. Service tax is to be paid on the amount realized / received by the assessee during the relevant period ( i.e. a month or a quarter as the case may be).

The unique feature of Service Tax is reliance on collection of tax, primarily through voluntary compliance. System of self-assessment of Service Tax Returns by service tax assesses was introduced w.e.f. 01.04.2001. The jurisdictional Superintendent of Central Excise is authorized to cross verify the correctness of self assessed returns. Tax returns are expected to be filed half yearly. Central Excise officers are authorized to conduct surveys to bring the prospective service tax assesses under the tax net.

Service tax is payable @ 10% of the ‘gross amount’ charged by the service provider for providing such taxable service. The Education Cess is payable @ 2%, and Secondary and Higher Education Cess payable @ 1% of the service tax payable.

Service Tax Exemptions

The Central Government can grant partial or total exemption by issuing an exemption notification. But it cannot be granted by the Government with retrospective effect. The general exemptions are :-

Small service providers whose turnover is less than Rs.4 lakhs per annum are exempt from service tax.

There is no service tax on export of services.

Services provided to UN and International Agencies and supplies to SEZ(Special Economic Zones) are exempt from service tax.

Service tax is not payable on value of goods and material supplied while providing services. Such exclusion is permissible only if Cenvat credit on such goods and material is not taken.

Wealth Tax

The Wealth Tax Act is an important direct tax legislation, which came into existence on 1 st April 1957. Wealth tax is levied on the benefits derived from property ownership. The tax is to be paid year after year on the same property on its market value, whether or not such property yield any income.

An assessee or a person, who is liable to pay wealth tax under the Wealth Tax Act, includes legal envoy, perpetrator or administrator of a deceased person and a person deemed to be an agent of a non-resident. Under the Act, tax is charged on the following persons in respect of the wealth held by them during the assessment year:

A company.

A Hindu Undivided Family (HUF), which is a type of assessee recognised under the Act, consisting of all persons lineally descended from a common ancestor and deriving income from joint family corpus. Hindu, Jain, Buddhist, and Sikh families have been so recognised.

An association of persons or a body of individuals.

Non-corporative taxpayers whose accounts are to be statutorily audited.

Those who fall in the 1-by-6 category (External website that opens in a new window).

Chargeability to tax also depends upon the residential status of the assessee and the citizenship of a person.

It may be noted here that productive assets like shares, debentures, bank deposits and investments in mutual funds are exempt from wealth tax. The non-productive assets include jewellery, bullion, motorcars, aircraft, urban land, etc. Foreign nationals are exempt from wealth tax on non-Indian assets. The details of Wealth Tax can be accessed through Acts and Rules as framed by the Constitution. Click on the links below for more:

Wealth Tax Act (External website that opens in a new window)

Wealth Tax Rules (External website that opens in a new window)

To file your Wealth Tax Returns, you need to fill Form BA, Form A and Form B. Visit the link below to download these forms.

Download forms for Return of Net Wealth

Income Tax

Income tax is a tax paid to the central government on personal income. It is the direct tax paid on income by an individual or a company/firm within a given financial year. The Indian Income Tax department is governed by the Central Board for Direct Taxes (CBDT)and is part of the Department of Revenue under the Ministry of Finance , Government of India.

Detailed information on all types of taxation in India can be found here.

The Income Tax Act, 1961 as amended by Finance Act 2010 , under Section 139 makes it obligatory upon any person to file return if the person’s total income or the total income of any other person in respect of which he is assessable under this Act during the previous year exceeded the maximum amount which is not chargeable to income-tax.

Provided that a person referred to, who is not required to furnish a return under this sub-section and residing in such area as may be specified by notification in the Official Gazette, and who during the previous year incurs an expenditure of fifty thousand rupees or more towards consumption of electricity or at any time during the previous year fulfils any one of the following conditions, namely:

is in occupation of an immovable property exceeding a specified floor area, whether by way of ownership, tenancy or otherwise, as may be specified; or

is the owner or the lessee of a motor vehicle other than a two-wheeled motor vehicle, whether having any detachable side car having extra wheel attached to such two-wheeled motor vehicle or not; or

has incurred expenditure for himself or any other person on travel to any foreign country; or

is the holder of a credit card, not being an “add-on” card, issued by any bank or institution; or

is a member of a club where entrance fee charged is twenty-five thousand rupees or more.

The tax liability to be computed for AY 2012 -2013 is as per the under:-

(i) In case of individuals (other than women and individuals who are of the age of 60 years or more at any time during the financial year 2011-12) -

Income (In Rs.): Tax Liability (In Rs.)

Upto Rs.1,80,000 : Nil

Between Rs.1,80,001 – Rs.5,00,000 : 10%

Between Rs.5,00,001 – Rs.8,00,000 : 20%

Above Rs.8,00,000 : 30%

(ii) In case of women (other than women who are of the age of 60 years or more at any time during the financial year 2011-12)-

Income (In Rs.) : Tax Liability (In Rs.)

Upto Rs.1,90,000 : Nil

Between Rs.1,90,001 – Rs.5,00,000 : 10%

Between Rs.5,00,001 – Rs.8,00,000 : 20%

Above Rs.8,00,000 : 30%

(iii) In case of individuals who are of the age between 60 and 80 years at any time during the financial year 2011-12-

Income (In Rs.) : Tax Liability (In Rs.)

Upto Rs.2,50,000 : Nil

Between Rs.2,50,001 – Rs.3,00,000 : 10%

Between Rs.3,00,001 – Rs.5,00,000 : 20%

Above Rs.5,00,000 : 30%

(iv) In case of individuals who are of the age of 80 years or more at any time during the financial year 2011-12-

Income (In Rs.) : Tax Liability (In Rs.)

Upto Rs.5,00,000 : Nil

Between Rs.5,00,001 – Rs.8,00,000 : 20%

Above Rs.8,00,000 : 30%

Jai Shri Krishna

Janmashtami (also known as Krishnastami or Gokulastami) is the birthday of Lord Krishna, the eighth avatar (incarnation) of Lord Vishnu, believed to have been born About five thousand years ago in Mathura in ‘Dwapar Yuga’

. It is celebrated in the August/September months, on the Ashtami of Krishna Paksh or the 8th day of the dark fortnight in the month of Bhadon and is celebrated over two days. The first day is Krishnashtami or Gokulashtami. The second day is called Kalastami or more popularly Janmashtami. This celebration is said to be revealed originally by the Sri Krishna himself to Yudhishthira, the eldest of Pandavas, as mentioned in the Bhavishyottara Puran. He was born to Vasudev and Devki, who were imprisoned by Devki’s evil brother Kansa and was brought up by Nand and Yashoda. The birth of Lod Krishna is believed to be symbolic of our imprisonment in worldly illusions, where He took birth with us and led us to salvation and peace, vanquishing all evils depicted by Kansa in the story.

The Ceremony of Dahi-Handi – During this ceremony a large earthenware pot is filled with milk, curds, butter, honey fruits etc. and is suspended from a height between 20 to 40 feet. Sporting young men and boys come forward to claim this prize. To do so they construct a human pyramid by standing over each other’s shoulders till the pyramid is tall enough to enable the topmost person to reach the pot and claim the contents after breaking it.

Normally, currency notes are tied to the rope by which the pot is suspended. This prize money is distributed among those who participate in the pyramid building. This ceremony replicates Krishna’s love for milk and butter. In his childhood, the Lord Krishna along with his mates used to raid the houses of his neighbors in search of milk and butter.

National Song

The song Vande Mataram, composed in Sanskrit by Bankimchandra Chatterji, was a source of inspiration to the people in their struggle for freedom. It has an equal status with Jana-gana-mana. The first political occasion when it was sung was the 1896 session of the Indian National Congress. The following is the text of its first stanza:

“Vande Mataram!
Sujalam, suphalam, malayaja shitalam,
Shasyashyamalam, Mataram!
Vande Mataram!
Shubhrajyotsna pulakitayaminim,
Phullakusumita drumadala shobhinim,
Suhasinim sumadhura bhashinim,
Sukhadam varadam, Mataram!
Vande Mataram, Vande Mataram!”

The English translation of the stanza rendered by Sri Aurobindo in prose 1 is:

“I bow to thee, Mother,
richly-watered, richly-fruited,
cool with the winds of the south,
dark with the crops of the harvests,
The Mother!
Her nights rejoicing in the glory of the moonlight,
her lands clothed beautifully with her trees in flowering bloom,
sweet of laughter, sweet of speech,
The Mother, giver of boons, giver of bliss.”

Let celebrate our life with our national song which is written by Bankimchandra Chatterji.

Jai Hind

Vande Matram

India Extreme

Independent though she is, India must deal with extremes that range from delightful to excruciating. Presenting a country juxtaposed between centuries, the contradiction that is India.

India, a country caught between intense extremities, is home to both Antilla and to Dharavi. The Ambani’s 27-storey house, Antilla, one of the world’s most expensive homes, was built at an estimated cost of $2 billion, holding 6 stories of parking, three helipads, nine elevators, and a ballroom of crystal chandeliers. Ironically, Antilla is located in the same city that houses Dharavi, one of the largest slums in the world. Spread over an area of 175 hectares, it is home to over a million people, and affords only one toilet per 1,440 residents.

Undefined

India is a country of many centuries. Our roads play host in equal measure to the Bentley and Ferrari, as they do to the lowly bullock cart and hand-rickshaws, still prominently used in many cities across the country.
India’s universities and placements boast of international standards, and the country is seen as an emerging new academic destination globally. Yet, India has one of the largest illiterate populations in the world, with the highest number of laborers under 14 years of age. A UNESCO report estimates that 72 million primary school children are not in school, with a staggering 12.6 million children engaged in hazardous occupations.

While millions starve in a country ranked second in the world for the number of children suffering from malnutrition, India also witnesses abject waste in abundance. Food is hoarded for price rise, until rot sets in, and is no longer fit for human consumption. And across the cities, marriage halls hold feasts, while beggars outside scavenge through the garbage, looking for another day’s sustenance.
Feminine divinity is omnipresent in India. Depictions of Sita, Radha, Durga, Laksmi and Kali range from mounds of mud, and wood carvings to paintings, bronze statues, and poetic verse. The goddess is the centre of sacred festivals, and cities adorn themselves to win her favour. Conversely, female foeticide in India has acquired almost genocidal proportions. Sex-selective abortion has grown into a Rs. 1000 crore industry, and India’s sex ratio is skewed to the point of 940 females for every 1000 males.

India is known for her love of food, and has variations in cuisine that far outnumber the states in the country. The explosion in restaurant culture varies from international fare, to traditional cooking that traces its roots back a hundred years. This segment of life is, like much of India, accessible only to a small margin, and the larger, poorer sections of the population find their comfort and sustenance in the unobtrusive chai stall. Found at every street corner, the sweet, warm brew is the source of energy and strength for the majority, as they get through another day in a hard life.
Cricket is the closest thing India has to a single, unifying experience. The children in slums share the same mad passion for the game as do the gray-haired gentlemen enjoying a match at the cricket clubs. The game lends itself to many forms, and gully cricket, in its most basic avatar, has been the initiation of many of India’s finest batsmen, who left the narrow lanes of their childhood behind, to play under the bright lights of the IPL, a professional cricket league whose brand value is now estimated at $3.6 billion.

India holds claim to 17% of the world’s population, and one-third of the world’s poor. The World Bank estimates that 41% of Indians live below the poverty line, in situations of abject scarcity. While the majority of us reading this have seen birthday celebrations and gifts from family and friends, many in India are born on the streets, without medical help or sanitation. They are not celebrated; instead their births are a burden, and their lives are hardship, ignored by most, on the pavements of India.

Dhobi ghats, ubiquitous to India, are where the city’s laundry traditionally gets done. Clothes are hand washed by the hundreds, and hung on clotheslines, to dry under the sun. Against this, the concept of the Laundromat is slowly finding its feet in the country. Self-service laundry facilities offer coin-operated washing and drying machines to do your clothes. However, the high cost of the Laundromat means that it will be some time before the dhobis are ousted from their position at the top of the laundry pile.

India’s telecommunication industry is the fastest growing in the world, and among the most progressive telecom markets. With 851.70 million mobile phone subscribers and a network second only to China, India has truly embraced technology. Parallel to this, India also has the most widely distributed postal system in the world, with 155,333 post offices across the country. India also has the highest post office in the world in Hikkim, Himachal Pradesh at a height of 15,500 feet (postal code – 172114).

India’s rapid economic growth in the last 2 decades has made air travel accessible to the ordinary Indian. The entry of several low-cost domestic airlines has enabled the connectivity of more than 80 cities across India, and the Mumbai-Delhi air corridor is ranked among the busiest routes in the world. India’s rail network, far more extensive, covers a distance of 64,015 km, and is said to be the 4th largest network in the world, carrying 10 billion passengers annually. The Mumbai Suburban Railway alone constitutes more than half of the total daily passenger capacity of the Indian Railways.

The National Commission for Women describes water as the most commercial product of the 21st century. Growing populations and changing lifestyles have led to an increased demand for fresh water; while agricultural, industrial and domestic sectors push the water tables deeper underground. In many villages, women have to walk distances of 2.5 to 5 km to fetch water. This time spent in fetching this water is equivalent to 150 million women days, and translates into a loss of 1000 crore per year. In callous contrast, water-themed parks have been spreading across the country, with viral popularity. Almost blind to the way the other half lives, the parks are always packed, as young and old alike, revel in the thrill of a water fight.

India is fast emerging a key player in the global arena of biotechnology. In a knowledge-intensive, research-driven sector, India has the skills and facilities to far surpass the best in the industry. Meanwhile, the UN estimates that four children die every minute in India, from tragically preventable illnesses, with nearly 1000 children dying every day from diarrhea alone.
India’s vision of becoming a world leader in nuclear power technology, with ambitions to supply 25% of the nation’s electricity through nuclear plants by 2050, falls in sharp contrast to the whopping 35% of population that live without access to electricity today.
India, the world’s spiritual epicenter, sees a steady river of devotees seeking divine salvation, flow through its holy cities nearly every month of the year. They seek cleansing in her ashrams and temples, in meditation and communal living. Yet, India’s godmen have been mired in controversy and corruption, and the community’s repute has been stained by the murky legacy of its villains.

FLAG  CODE  OF   INDIA

The Indian National Flag represents the hopes and aspirations of the people of India. It is the

Symbol of our national pride. Over the last five decades, several people including members of armed forces have ungrudgingly laid down their lives to keep the tricolour flying in its full glory. The significance of the colours and the chakra in the National Flag was amply described byDr.  S.  Radhakrishnan  in  the  Constituent  Assembly  which  unanimously  adopted  the  National  Flag.

Dr.   S.   Radhakrishnan   explained—“Bhagwa   or   the   saffron   color   denotes   renunciation   of disinterestedness.  Our leaders must be indifferent to material gains and dedicate themselves to their work.  The white in the centre is light, the path of truth to guide our conduct.  The green shows our relation to soil, our relation to the plant life here on which all other life depends.  The Ashoka Wheel in the center of the white is the wheel of the law of dharma.  Truth or satya, dharma or virtue ought to be the controlling principles of those who work under this flag.  Again, the wheel denotes motion. There is death in stagnation.  There is life in movement.  India should no more resist change, it must move and go forward.   The wheel represents the dynamism of a peaceful change.”

There  is  universal  affection  and  respect  for,  and  loyalty  to,  the  National  Flag.  Yet,  a perceptible   lack   of   awareness   is   often   noticed,   not   only   amongst   people   but   also   in   the organizations/agencies of the government, in regard to laws, practices and conventions that apply to the  display  of  the  National  Flag.  Apart  from  non-statutory  instructions  issued  by  the  Government from  time  to  time,  display  of  the  National  Flag  is  governed  by  the  provisions  of  the  Emblems  and Names  (Prevention  of  Improper  Use)  Act,  1950  (No.12  of  1950)  and  the  Prevention  of  Insults  to National Honor Act, 1971 (No. 69 of 1971). Flag Code of India, 2002 is an attempt to bring together all such laws, conventions, practices and instructions for the guidance and benefit of all concerned.

For the sake of convenience, Flag Code of India, 2002, has been divided into three parts.Part I of the Code contains general description of the National Flag. Part II of the Code is devoted to the display of the National Flag by members of public, private organizations, educational institutions, etc. Part III of the Code relates to display of the National Flag by Central and State governments and their organizations and agencies. Flag Code of India, 2002, takes effect from January 26, 2002 and supersedes the ‘Flag Code – India’ as it existed.

PART   I GENERAL

1.1          The   National  Flag  shall  be  a  tri-color  panel  made  up  of  three  rectangular  panels  or  sub-panels  of  equal  widths.  The  color  of  the  top  panel  shall  be  India  saffron  (Kesari)  and  that  of  the bottom panel shall be India green. The middle panel shall be white, bearing at its centre the design of Ashoka  Chakra  in  navy  blue  color  with  24  equally  spaced  spokes.  The  Ashoka  Chakra  shall preferably  be  screen  printed  or  otherwise  printed  or  stenciled  or  suitably  embroidered  and  shall  be completely visible on both sides of the Flag in the centre of the white panel.

1.2          The  National  Flag  of  India  shall  be  made  of  hand  spun  and  hand  woven  wool/cotton/silk khadi bunting.

1.3          The National Flag shall be rectangular in shape. The ratio of the length to the height  (width)of the Flag shall be 3:2.

1.4          The standard sizes of the National Flag shall be as follows:-

Flag Size No.       Dimensions in mm

1              6300  X  4200

2              3600  X  2400

3              2700  X  1800

4              1800  X  1200

5              1350  X  900

6              900  X  600

7              450  X  300

8              225  X  150

9              150  X  100

1.5          An appropriate size should be chosen for display. The flags of 450X300 mm size are intended for aircrafts on VVIP flights, 225X150 mm size for motor-cars and 150X100 mm size for table flags.

PART  II

HOISTING/DISPLAY/USE OF NATIONAL FLAG BY MEMBERS OF PUBLIC, PRIVATE ORGANISATIONS, EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS, ETC.

SECTION I

2.1          There   shall   be   no   restriction   on   the   display   of   the   National Flag   by members of

general  public,   private  organizations,   educational   institutions,  etc.,   except   to  the  extent provided  in  the Emblems  and  Names  (Prevention of  Improper Use)  Act, 1950*  and

जन गण मन की कहानी …………………………​.
सन 1911 तक भारत की राजधानी बंगाल हुआ करता था। सन 1905 में जब बंगाल विभाजन को लेकर अंग्रेजो के खिलाफ बंग-भंग आन्दोलन के विरोध में बंगाल के लोग उठ खड़े हुए तो अंग्रेजो ने अपने आपको बचाने के लिए के कलकत्ता से हटाकर राजधानी को दिल्ली ले गए और 1911 में दिल्ली को राजधानी घोषित कर दिया। पूरे भारत में उस समय लोग विद्रोह से भरे हुए थे तो अंग्रेजो ने अपने इंग्लॅण्ड के राजा को भारत आमंत्रित किया ताकि लोग शांत हो जाये। इंग्लैंड का राजा जोर्ज पंचम 1911 में भारत में आया। रविंद्रनाथ टैगोर पर दबाव बनाया गया कि तुम्हे एक गीत जोर्ज पंचम के स्वागत में लिखना ही होगा।

उस समय टैगोर का परिवार अंग्रेजों के काफी नजदीक हुआ करता था, उनके परिवार के बहुत से लोग ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी के लिए काम किया करते थे, उनके बड़े भाई अवनींद्र नाथ टैगोर बहुत दिनों तक ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी के कलकत्ता डिविजन के निदेशक (Director) रहे। उनके परिवार का बहुत पैसा ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी में लगा हुआ था। और खुद रविन्द्र नाथ टैगोर की बहुत सहानुभूति थी अंग्रेजों के लिए। रविंद्रनाथ टैगोर ने मन से या बेमन से जो गीत लिखा उसके बोल है “जन गण मन अधिनायक जय हे भारत भाग्य विधाता”। इस गीत के सारे के सारे शब्दों में अंग्रेजी राजा जोर्ज पंचम का गुणगान है, जिसका अर्थ समझने पर पता लगेगा कि ये तो हकीक़त में ही अंग्रेजो की खुशामद में लिखा गया था।

इस राष्ट्रगान का अर्थ कुछ इस तरह से होता है “भारत के नागरिक, भारत की जनता अपने मन से आपको भारत का भाग्य विधाता समझती है और मानती है। हे अधिनायक (Superhero) तुम्ही भारत के भाग्य विधाता हो। तुम्हारी जय हो ! जय हो ! जय हो ! तुम्हारे भारत आने से सभी प्रान्त पंजाब, सिंध, गुजरात, मराठा मतलब महारास्त्र, द्रविड़ मतलब दक्षिण भारत, उत्कल मतलब उड़ीसा, बंगाल आदि और जितनी भी नदिया जैसे यमुना और गंगा ये सभी हर्षित है, खुश है, प्रसन्न है , तुम्हारा नाम लेकर ही हम जागते है और तुम्हारे नाम का आशीर्वाद चाहते है। तुम्हारी ही हम गाथा गाते है। हे भारत के भाग्य विधाता (सुपर हीरो ) तुम्हारी जय हो जय हो जय हो। ”

जोर्ज पंचम भारत आया 1911 में और उसके स्वागत में ये गीत गाया गया। जब वो इंग्लैंड चला गया तो उसने उस जन गण मन का अंग्रेजी में अनुवाद करवाया। क्योंकि जब भारत में उसका इस गीत से स्वागत हुआ था तब उसके समझ में नहीं आया था कि ये गीत क्यों गाया गया और इसका अर्थ क्या है। जब अंग्रेजी अनुवाद उसने सुना तो वह बोला कि इतना सम्मान और इतनी खुशामद तो मेरी आज तक इंग्लॅण्ड में भी किसी ने नहीं की। वह बहुत खुश हुआ। उसने आदेश दिया कि जिसने भी ये गीत उसके (जोर्ज पंचम के) लिए लिखा है उसे इंग्लैंड बुलाया जाये। रविन्द्र नाथ टैगोर इंग्लैंड गए। जोर्ज पंचम उस समय नोबल पुरस्कार समिति का अध्यक्ष भी था।

उसने रविन्द्र नाथ टैगोर को नोबल पुरस्कार से सम्मानित करने का फैसला किया। तो रविन्द्र नाथ टैगोर ने इस नोबल पुरस्कार को लेने से मना कर दिया। क्यों कि गाँधी जी ने बहुत बुरी तरह से रविन्द्रनाथ टेगोर को उनके इस गीत के लिए खूब डांटा था। टैगोर ने कहा की आप मुझे नोबल पुरस्कार देना ही चाहते हैं तो मैंने एक गीतांजलि नामक रचना लिखी है उस पर मुझे दे दो लेकिन इस गीत के नाम पर मत दो और यही प्रचारित किया जाये क़ि मुझे जो नोबेल पुरस्कार दिया गया है वो गीतांजलि नामक रचना के ऊपर दिया गया है। जोर्ज पंचम मान गया और रविन्द्र नाथ टैगोर को सन 1913 में गीतांजलि नामक रचना के ऊपर नोबल पुरस्कार दिया गया।

रविन्द्र नाथ टैगोर की ये सहानुभूति ख़त्म हुई 1919 में जब जलिया वाला कांड हुआ और गाँधी जी ने लगभग गाली की भाषा में उनको पत्र लिखा और कहा क़ि अभी भी तुम्हारी आँखों से अंग्रेजियत का पर्दा नहीं उतरेगा तो कब उतरेगा, तुम अंग्रेजों के इतने चाटुकार कैसे हो गए, तुम इनके इतने समर्थक कैसे हो गए ? फिर गाँधी जी स्वयं रविन्द्र नाथ टैगोर से मिलने गए और बहुत जोर से डाटा कि अभी तक तुम अंग्रेजो की अंध भक्ति में डूबे हुए हो ? तब जाकर रविंद्रनाथ टैगोर की नीद खुली। इस काण्ड का टैगोर ने विरोध किया और नोबल पुरस्कार अंग्रेजी हुकूमत को लौटा दिया। सन 1919 से पहले जितना कुछ भी रविन्द्र नाथ टैगोर ने लिखा वो अंग्रेजी सरकार के पक्ष में था और 1919 के बाद उनके लेख कुछ कुछ अंग्रेजो के खिलाफ होने लगे थे।

रविन्द्र नाथ टेगोर के बहनोई, सुरेन्द्र नाथ बनर्जी लन्दन में रहते थे और ICS ऑफिसर थे। अपने बहनोई को उन्होंने एक पत्र लिखा था (ये 1919 के बाद की घटना है) । इसमें उन्होंने लिखा है कि ये गीत ‘जन गण मन’ अंग्रेजो के द्वारा मुझ पर दबाव डलवाकर लिखवाया गया है। इसके शब्दों का अर्थ अच्छा नहीं है। इस गीत को नहीं गाया जाये तो अच्छा है। लेकिन अंत में उन्होंने लिख दिया कि इस चिठ्ठी को किसी को नहीं दिखाए क्योंकि मैं इसे सिर्फ आप तक सीमित रखना चाहता हूँ लेकिन जब कभी मेरी म्रत्यु हो जाये तो सबको बता दे। 7 अगस्त 1941 को रबिन्द्र नाथ टैगोर की मृत्यु के बाद इस पत्र को सुरेन्द्र नाथ बनर्जी ने ये पत्र सार्वजनिक किया, और सारे देश को ये कहा क़ि ये जन गन मन गीत न गाया जाये।

1941 तक कांग्रेस पार्टी थोड़ी उभर चुकी थी। लेकिन वह दो खेमो में बट गई। जिसमे एक खेमे के समर्थक बाल गंगाधर तिलक थे और दुसरे खेमे में मोती लाल नेहरु थे। मतभेद था सरकार बनाने को लेकर। मोती लाल नेहरु चाहते थे कि स्वतंत्र भारत की सरकार अंग्रेजो के साथ कोई संयोजक सरकार (Coalition Government) बने। जबकि गंगाधर तिलक कहते थे कि अंग्रेजो के साथ मिलकर सरकार बनाना तो भारत के लोगों को धोखा देना है। इस मतभेद के कारण लोकमान्य तिलक कांग्रेस से निकल गए और उन्होंने गरम दल बनाया। कोंग्रेस के दो हिस्से हो गए। एक नरम दल और एक गरम दल।

गरम दल के नेता थे लोकमान्य तिलक जैसे क्रन्तिकारी। वे हर जगह वन्दे मातरम गाया करते थे। और नरम दल के नेता थे मोती लाल नेहरु (यहाँ मैं स्पष्ट कर दूँ कि गांधीजी उस समय तक कांग्रेस की आजीवन सदस्यता से इस्तीफा दे चुके थे, वो किसी तरफ नहीं थे, लेकिन गाँधी जी दोनों पक्ष के लिए आदरणीय थे क्योंकि गाँधी जी देश के लोगों के आदरणीय थे)। लेकिन नरम दल वाले ज्यादातर अंग्रेजो के साथ रहते थे। उनके साथ रहना, उनको सुनना, उनकी बैठकों में शामिल होना। हर समय अंग्रेजो से समझौते में रहते थे। वन्देमातरम से अंग्रेजो को बहुत चिढ होती थी। नरम दल वाले गरम दल को चिढाने के लिए 1911 में लिखा गया गीत “जन गण मन” गाया करते थे और गरम दल वाले “वन्दे मातरम”।

नरम दल वाले अंग्रेजों के समर्थक थे और अंग्रेजों को ये गीत पसंद नहीं था तो अंग्रेजों के कहने पर नरम दल वालों ने उस समय एक हवा उड़ा दी कि मुसलमानों को वन्दे मातरम नहीं गाना चाहिए क्यों कि इसमें बुतपरस्ती (मूर्ति पूजा) है। और आप जानते है कि मुसलमान मूर्ति पूजा के कट्टर विरोधी है। उस समय मुस्लिम लीग भी बन गई थी जिसके प्रमुख मोहम्मद अली जिन्ना थे। उन्होंने भी इसका विरोध करना शुरू कर दिया क्योंकि जिन्ना भी देखने भर को (उस समय तक) भारतीय थे मन,कर्म और वचन से अंग्रेज ही थे उन्होंने भी अंग्रेजों के इशारे पर ये कहना शुरू किया और मुसलमानों को वन्दे मातरम गाने से मना कर दिया। जब भारत सन 1947 में स्वतंत्र हो गया तो जवाहर लाल नेहरु ने इसमें राजनीति कर डाली। संविधान सभा की बहस चली। संविधान सभा के 319 में से 318 सांसद ऐसे थे जिन्होंने बंकिम बाबु द्वारा लिखित वन्देमातरम को राष्ट्र गान स्वीकार करने पर सहमति जताई।

बस एक सांसद ने इस प्रस्ताव को नहीं माना। और उस एक सांसद का नाम था पंडित जवाहर लाल नेहरु। उनका तर्क था कि वन्दे मातरम गीत से मुसलमानों के दिल को चोट पहुचती है इसलिए इसे नहीं गाना चाहिए (दरअसल इस गीत से मुसलमानों को नहीं अंग्रेजों के दिल को चोट पहुंचती थी)। अब इस झगडे का फैसला कौन करे, तो वे पहुचे गाँधी जी के पास। गाँधी जी ने कहा कि जन गन मन के पक्ष में तो मैं भी नहीं हूँ और तुम (नेहरु ) वन्देमातरम के पक्ष में नहीं हो तो कोई तीसरा गीत तैयार किया जाये। तो महात्मा गाँधी ने तीसरा विकल्प झंडा गान के रूप में दिया “विजयी विश्व तिरंगा प्यारा झंडा ऊँचा रहे हमारा”। लेकिन नेहरु जी उस पर भी तैयार नहीं हुए।

नेहरु जी का तर्क था कि झंडा गान ओर्केस्ट्रा पर नहीं बज सकता और जन गन मन ओर्केस्ट्रा पर बज सकता है। उस समय बात नहीं बनी तो नेहरु जी ने इस मुद्दे को गाँधी जी की मृत्यु तक टाले रखा और उनकी मृत्यु के बाद नेहरु जी ने जन गण मन को राष्ट्र गान घोषित कर दिया और जबरदस्ती भारतीयों पर इसे थोप दिया गया जबकि इसके जो बोल है उनका अर्थ कुछ और ही कहानी प्रस्तुत करते है, और दूसरा पक्ष नाराज न हो इसलिए वन्दे मातरम को राष्ट्रगीत बना दिया गया लेकिन कभी गया नहीं गया। नेहरु जी कोई ऐसा काम नहीं करना चाहते थे जिससे कि अंग्रेजों के दिल को चोट पहुंचे, मुसलमानों के वो इतने हिमायती कैसे हो सकते थे जिस आदमी ने पाकिस्तान बनवा दिया जब कि इस देश के मुसलमान पाकिस्तान नहीं चाहते थे, जन गण मन को इस लिए तरजीह दी गयी क्योंकि वो अंग्रेजों की भक्ति में गाया गया गीत था और वन्देमातरम इसलिए पीछे रह गया क्योंकि इस गीत से अंगेजों को दर्द होता था।

बीबीसी ने एक सर्वे किया था। उसने पूरे संसार में जितने भी भारत के लोग रहते थे, उनसे पुछा कि आपको दोनों में से कौन सा गीत ज्यादा पसंद है तो 99 % लोगों ने कहा वन्देमातरम। बीबीसी के इस सर्वे से एक बात और साफ़ हुई कि दुनिया के सबसे लोकप्रिय गीतों में दुसरे नंबर पर वन्देमातरम है। कई देश है जिनके लोगों को इसके बोल समझ में नहीं आते है लेकिन वो कहते है कि इसमें जो लय है उससे एक जज्बा पैदा होता है।

तो ये इतिहास है वन्दे मातरम का और जन गण मन का। अब ये आप को तय करना है कि आपको क्या गाना है ?

इतने लम्बे पत्र को आपने धैर्यपूर्वक पढ़ा इसके लिए आपका धन्यवाद्। और अच्छा लगा हो तो इसे फॉरवर्ड कीजिये, आप अगर और भारतीय भाषाएँ जानते हों तो इसे उस भाषा में अनुवादित कीजिये अंग्रेजी छोड़ कर।

जय हिंद |

It may sound strange, but Independent India has at least one major scam for almost every alphabet of the English language…

A for Adarsh

Mumbai’s high rise Adarsh Housing Society was meant for Kargil war widows and veterans. However top Army brass, politicians and bureaucrats who had nothing to do with Kargil were allotted flats. Construction clearances were also suspect. A Maharashtra Chief Minister’s head rolled.

B for Bofors

In the 1980s, Rajiv Gandhi’s government was alleged to have received kickbacks in the Bofors Howitzer guns scandal. While there were no high-level convictions, Bofors became a scam brand name and Rajiv was booted out of power with a greatly reduced Lok Sabha share.

C for CWG

The Commonwealth Games 2011 at New Delhi were marred by charges of corruption and favouritism through and through. Indian Olympic Association president Suresh Kalmadi was sacked and even Delhi CM Sheila Dixit was pulled up.

C is also for the Cycle Import scam of 1951, AR Antulay’s Cement scandal in the 1980s and Kargil’s Coffin scam.

D for Devas

An ISRO S Band deal with Devas Multimedia led to a newspaper report saying that the government would lose Rs 2 lakh crore to the exchequer. While this figure was scoffed at by the CAG, the deal caused a furore and the PM finally scrapped it.

E for EMAAR-MGF

The Andhra Pradesh Industrial Infrastructure Corporation and EMAAR-MGF acquired land in Boulder Hills Hyderabad that led to charges of undervaluation. Multiple claimants to the land and other irregularities also came to light. EMAAR-MGF was also involved with C for CWG, as above.

F for Fodder

Former Bihar CM Laloo Prasad Yadav’s 1990s fodder scam may have been to the tune of Rs 1000 crore. Reports said that the scam had been on for decades. Laloo was jailed and Indians saw that just about any department could bleed hundreds of crores easily.

G for Gegong’s PDS

The former CM of Arunachal Pradesh Gegong Apang was arrested in 2010 for a Public Distribution System scam valued at Rs 1000 crore. Fake transport subsidy bills were at the centre of the scam.

H for Hawala

Before Western Union money transfer, India had hawala. Hawala money is moved illegally and seamlessly across the world. In the 1990s it was alleged that certain politicians had received hawala money. While all were cleared, LK Advani missed his prime ministerial bus thanks to this.

H is also for the HDW submarine scam.

I for IPL

There is no doubt that the Indian Premier League was a big success, but Lalit Modi was the biggest controversy. He had secret stakes in three franchisees and indulged in nepotism. Bidding irregularities jostled with match-fixing claims.

J for JMM

It was alleged that in 1993, during a confidence motion, the then PM PV Narasimha Rao indirectly paid bribes to members of the Jharkhand Mukti Morcha. Rao was cleared of the charges, but he was also involved in the St Kitt’s forgery case.

J is also for the 1948 Jeep scam.

K for Koda

Right after J for JMM comes K for (Madhu) Koda. In 2009, the ED found a whopping Rs 4000 crore in illegal assets owned by the former Jharkhand CM of the JMM. Need we say more?

L for LIC

Independent India’s first major scam: Businessman Haridas Mundhra got the Life Insurance Corporation of India to invest in six of his troubled companies. Feroze Gandhi fumed while his father-in-law Jawaharlal Nehru fretted. Finance Minister TT Krishnamachari had to resign.

M for Mehta the Big Bull

Harshad Mehta rigged the stock exchange in 1992. He had an illegal wealth comparable to the combined income-tax of middle class India. Mehta was charged with 72 criminal offences and died with a lot of unresolved issues in 2002.

N for Nepotism

Where would we be without it? It’s the root of many scams. Like the Mafia Family of Italy, the Corruption Family of India rules. A recent example is DMK head honcho M Karunanidhi, who finds both his daughter Kanimozhi and relative Dayanidhi Maran in grave trouble.

O for Oil for Food

Foreign Minister K Natwar Singh was sacked in 2005 when an enquiry revealed that he and his son were beneficiaries in the Iraqi UN Oil for Food programme.

P for Pawar

Sharad Pawar has seen many allegations against him in his long career: A land scam in the 1980s; Accusations by BMC Dy Commissioner GR Khairnar in the 1990s; IPL in the new millennium. Even Abdul Karim Telgi named him in the revenue scam, but Pawar continues to roll on.

P is also for (Ketan) Parikh, the second Big Bull and Palmolein Oil Import Scam.

Q for Qualifications and Certificates

There’s nothing wrong with the Constitution or laws of India. But where the qualifications are required, the certificates can be forged. Fake certificates, question papers for sale and forged documents all form a flourishing multi-crore black industry.

R for Ramalinga Raju

With so much growth in the IT sector, could it be far behind? Falsified Satyam accounts came to light in 2009. Had it not been for Mahindra, this IT giant could have sunk without a trace.

R is also for the Reddy Brothers’ mining scam of Karnataka.

S for Sukh Ram

In 1996, the CBI seized Rs 3.6 crores from the official residence of central minister Sukh Ram. Seems like small change today. S is also for Swiss Banks and the Scorpene submarine deal scam.

T for Two G

Rs 1.76 lakh crore-Two central ministers in jail and another being investigated-Hundreds of sensational Radia tapes-CEOs arrested-Bigwigs squirming-The government running for cover-It doesn’t get bigger than this!

T is also for (Abdul Karim) Telgi, the Taj Corridor scandal and the Teja Loans scam of the 1960s.

U for UP food grain scandal

It is estimated that in the last decade in Uttar Pradesh, about Rs 35,000 crore worth of food grain meant for the poor was diverted to the open market. U is also for the Urea scam of the 1990s.

V for Votes in lieu of cash

It’s very common for allegations of parliamentary votes being bought. But in 2008, the Prime Minister became the central focus of a confidence motion which was embroiled with bribery charges.

W for Wagers and Bets

Betting is banned in India. Therefore we have a flourishing illegal betting industry replete with underworld links. Cricket’s match-fixing scandal of the 1990s has been the most high-profile to date.

X for Xerox and X-ray

About a decade back, Xerox announced that its Indian subsidiary had made ‘improper payments’ vis-a-vis sales of equipment to government bodies. Around the same time in a Mumbai hospital, 17,000 kg of used X-ray films were sold to scrap dealers on the side.

Y is dedicated to the Yearly Multiple Unknown Scams

Z for Zillions and Zilch

Z is for the zillions and zillions of Rupees that have been siphoned off after Independence. Zilch is the amount of money recovered and the desired action taken against the offenders.

Something About INDIA

National Name :- Bharat, India ,Hindustan

Current President :- Pratibha Patil

Current Prim Minister :- Manmoham Sing

Land Area:- 1,147,949 sq mi (2,973,190 sq km)

Total Area:- 1,269,338 sq mi (3,287,590 sq km)

Population :- 1,132,446,000

Capital Of India :- New Delhi

Economical Capital Of India :-Mumbai

Currency :- Rupees

National Language :- Hindi

National Official Language:-English

Literacy Rate :- 61%

Ruler Party :- UPA

Religious :- Hindu, Muslim, Shikh, Parsi, Christan.

Ethnicity :- Indo-aryan, dravidion, Mongoloid

Railway Length :- 63,221 km

Highway :- 33,83,344 km

Water way:- 14,500

Airports:- 346

Boarder Country :- Pakistan, china, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangaladesh, burma.

Independent day:- 15 Aug 1947

Republican Day:- 26 Jan 1950

Population Density:- 329 per km2

GDP :- 2.96 trillion

Timezone :- IST UTC +5:30,

Internet TLD :- .in

ISD Call:-+91

The India brand – feel proud to be an Indian

*  The number of companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange, at more than 6,000, is second only to NYSE.

* Four out of 10 Silicon Valley startups are run by Indians.

* With 800 movies per year , India’s film industry overshadows Hollywood.

* The organized lottery market in India is US$7bn (2% of GDP)

* India consumes a fifth of the world’s gold output.

* Indians account for 45% of H1-B visas issued by the US every year

* Growing at 6%, in 25 years Indian GDP(on a PPP basis) will be at the same level the US is at today

* Six Indian ladies have won Miss Universe/Miss World titles over the past 10 years.

* Bank deposits in India roughly equal 50% of its GDP C again, among the highest in the world.

* Indian Railways is the largest railway network in the world under single management

* India has the third largest army in the world, nearly 1.5 million strong.

* India is the largest producer and consumer of tea in the world, accounting for more than 30% of global production and 25% of consumption.

* India is the world’s premier center for diamond cutting and polishing. Nine out of every 10 stones sold in the world pass through India.

* India has the highest number of annual bulk drugs filings (77) with USFDA.

* India is home to the largest number of pharmaceutical plants (61) approved by USFDA outside the US.

* India’s Hero Honda is the world’s largest motorcycle manufacturer, with 2002 production of 1.7m units.

* Other than US and Japan, India is the only country to have built a super computer indigenously.

* Indian Railways is the largest employer in the world, with a staff of 1.6 million people.

* India is the second largest cement producing country in the world, producing more than 110 m tones.

* Of the fortune 500 companies, 220 outsource their software-related work to India.

* There are 8,500 Indian restaurants in the U.K.15% of the country’s total dining-out establishments.

* India is the largest democracy in the world, with nearly 400m voting in the last national elections.

* India has the second-largest pool of scientists and engineers in the world.

* India has the third largest investor base in the world

* According to the Gemological Institute of America, up until 1896, India was the only source of diamonds.

* The Kumbh Mela festival, held every 21 years in the city of Allahabad, attracts 25 million people CE more than the population of 185 of the 227 countries in the world.

* The Indian city of Varanasi, also known as Benares, is the oldest continuously inhabited city in the world today.

* There are 3.22 million Indians in the US.

* Indians are the richest immigrant class in the US, with nearly 200,000 millionaries.

* India is ranked the sixth country in the world in terms of satellite launches.

* There are over 70,000 bank branches in India – among the highest in the world.

Beer industry in India in context of Consumer Buying Behavior

The Indian beer market was estimated to be 6.7 million hectoliters (hl) in 2002-03. As seen in figure 1, beer consumption has been growing rapidly at a CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate) of 7 per cent over the last 9 years, while growth in 2002-03 was 11 per cent.

Indian growth rates compare favorably with the global beer industry, which grew by about 2.6 per cent in 2001-02 Apart from providing strong growth, India also provides attractive profit margins due to the consolidated nature of the industry – a comparison between China and India, for example, reveals that the Chinese beer market is marked by intense competition, with several players being marginalized. In China there are about 400 brewers, of which the top 10 account for only 45 per cent of the market. This has resulted in low profit margins for the Chinese beer players. In contrast, the top two beer players in India account for about 75 per cent of beer sales in India and the industry stands a chance to see more consolidation in the near future. The effect of this consolidation can be seen in the fact that beer prices in India rarely go down with the competitive pressures of new product or brand launches. In the past, whenever beer prices have gone down, it has been due to either the lowering of duties by the government or the deregulation of distribution (leading to lower margins for the distribution channel partners). In neither scenario have the margins or revenues of beer manufacturers been affected.

Per capita consumption in India is hovering around a measly 0.5 litres per annum. These figures pale into insignificance if one compares them with those of Czech Republic that has the highest per capita consumption of 156.9 litres per annum (see box)

Per capita consumption is directly related to the taxation, according to an industry observer. For instance, in Maharashtra there is a direct 100% excise duty on Beer. An equivalent 650 ml bottle is available for approximately Rs 8 in China. This is why the per capita consumption in China is a high 16 litres per annum.

The Indian beer market has been growing rapidly over the last 10 years, due to the positive impact of demographic trends and expected changes, like:

Rising income levels: India is home to nearly one-sixth of the global population and is one of the most attractive consumer markets in the world today. Various research studies have shown that a rise in the income levels has a direct positive effect on beer consumption. The National Council for Applied Economic Research (NCAER) projects India’s ‘very rich’, ‘consuming’ and ‘climbers’ classes to grow at a CAGR of 15 per cent, 10 per cent and 2 per cent respectively. With this growth in income levels, Indian beer consumption is expected to continue growing, at the very minimum, at the growth rates witnessed in the last decade.

Changing age profile: As a consequence of the high birth rates prevalent until the 1990s, a large proportion of the Indian population is in the age group of 20-34 years. This age group is the most appropriate target for beer marketers. This population trend will give a further boost to the growth of beer consumption in India.

Many global players are planning to enter the Indian beer sector and they realise that a partnership with a local player is important to establish a successful presence in India in a short time frame.

Changing lifestyles: A deep-seated traditional social aversion to alcohol consumption has been a traditional feature of the Indian society. However, as urban consumers become more exposed to western lifestyles, through overseas travel and the media, their attitude towards alcohol is relaxing. Social habits are undergoing a transformation as mixed drinks are becoming more popular. The greatest evidence of this trend is the increase in beer consumption among women. More and more women are consuming beer – the penetration in metropolitan areas is almost twice as high as the penetration in other large cities – implying that the greater tolerance towards alcohol consumption in metropolitan areas facilitates the consumption of beer. With increasing urbanisation, this acceptance is only going to rise.

Reduction in beer prices: The Indian consumer typically values an alcoholic beverage on the basis of its ‘kick’ factor versus its price. The following two factors therefore, affect the market for beer. Firstly, as most states do not have a differential tax structure based on the alcohol content, strong beer…

As far as the Light beer segment goes, there is no existing competition in the market. However, a number of well-established brands, especially lagers, have a significant market presence. Chiefly – Kingfisher – India’s celebrated malty draught lager since 1857; voted ‘The World’s Best Lager’ in Stockholm and Chicago.

In India the future of beer industry is very much optimistic because:

1. India has predominantly a warm/hot climate

2. The beer-drinkers in the country are much younger than the average beer-drinker elsewhere in the world. This makes them more likely to carry the brand with them for a lifetime.

3. Increasing exposure to beer and wine drinking, mainly due to media and consumer mobility.

All these factors combined make the scenario very promising for beer industry and are ‘in sync’ with their strategy for India.

UB (United Breweries Ltd.) is the market leader in the Indian beer market with a 40% market share. Its flagship Kingfisher brand alone commands 25% market share. The company has however been focussing on strong beer, which has driven growth. The company introduced its strong beer, Kingfisher Strong during the year 2000 in the selected market of Maharashtra and Karnataka. The move came as a reactive move following increasing shift of consumers towards strong beer, a trend started by Shaw Wallace. While the overall market grew marginally by 2%, the strong beer market grew at 8-10% during the year at the expense of lager beer. The market is now skewed towards strong beer with more than 60% of the market being strong beer market.

Beer mix today is approximately 60 percent lager beer and 40 percent strong beer. This ratio was very different 4 years ago. Over the last four years strong beer has been the fastest growing segment. This was completely usurped by Shaw Wallace. As of today while Shaw Wallace has approximately 28 to 30 percent of the strong beer market, UB already has achieved 14 to 15 percent of that strong beer market and is growing very fast. It launched Kingfisher Strong only in May of 2001. And once it is able to take Kingfisher Strong national, it will try to match Shaw Wallace’s market share over the next few years.

Apart from Kingfisher, and Foster’s Beer, the other brands in the Indian market are Carling Black Label, Carlsberg, Dansberg, Golden Eagle, Guru, Maharaja Premium Lager, Haake Beck, Haywards 2000 Beer, Haywards 5000, Haywards skol, Flying Horse Royal Lager, Taj Mahal, Heinekin, Hi-Five, Ice, Kingfisher Diet, Kingfisher Strong, Kirin, KnockOut, Legend, London Diet, London Draft, London Pilsner, Royal Challenge, San Miguel Lager, Sand Piper, Strohs and Zingaro.

The major brands which belong to large groups in the industry (apart from UB) are – Shaw Wallace - Royal Challenge Premium Lager, Haywards 2000 Premium Lager, Haywards 5000 Super Strong, Hi-Five and Lal Toofan.

South African Breweries India Ltd. - Knock-Out, Continental and Three Lions, a new brand that was launched in the autumn of 2001 by SAB in Uttar Pradesh, Chandigarh and Himachal Pradesh.

Other possible competition –Radico Khaitan and beer international Interbrew have formed a joint venture to distribute Interbrew’s Beck’s brand of beer in India. The premium lager beer segment in India will be targeted. Radico has also announced the launch of its international division.

The beer-drinkers in the country are much younger than the average beer-drinker elsewhere in the world. This makes them more likely to carry the brand with them for a lifetime. Also, as the target audience becomes younger, a light beer is expected to attract first-time drinkers, since it is much milder than any of the other beers in the country.

A lot of new variants promise to gain prominence, but mainly in niche urban segments. The sophisticated consumer who drinks beer for the experience and not to get drunk will lap up ice beer or light beer. In urban centers, apart from first time users companies are also targeting women, who as ‘the times they are a changing,’ are entering the market for beer. Essentially, women shy away from beer consumption because it is associated with calories, and has traditionally been a buddy drink, associated with pot-bellied men sitting at bars and shooting darts.

Important Days

January 9 NRI Day
January 10 World Laughter Day
January 12 National Youth Day
January 15 Army Day
January 26 India’s Republic Day, International Customs Day
January 30 Martyrs’ Day; World Leprosy Eradication Day
2nd Sunday of February World Marriage Day
February 24 Central Excise Day
February 28 National Science Day
Second Monday March Commonwealth Day
March 8 International Women’s Day; Intl. literacy Day
March 15 World Disabled Day; World Consumer Rights Day
March 18 Ordnance Factories Day (India)
March 21 World Forestry Day; International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination
March 22 World Day for Water
March 23 World Meteorological Day
March 24 World TB Day
April 5 International Day for Mine Awareness; National Maritime Day
April 7 World Health Day
April 17 World Haemophilia Day
April 18 World Heritage Day
April 21 Secretaries’ Day
April 22 Earth Day
April 23 World Book and Copyright Day
May 1 Workers’ Day (International Labor Day)
May 3 Press Freedom Day; World Asthma Day
May 2nd Sunday Mother’s Day
May 4 Coal Miners’ Day
May 8 World Red Cross Day
May 9 World Thalassaemia Day
May 11 National Technology Day
May 12 World Hypertension Day; International Nurses Day
May 15 International Day of the Family
May 17 World Telecommunication Day
May 24 Commonwealth Day
May 31 Anti-tobacco Day
June 4 International Day of Innocent Children Victims of Aggression
June 5 World Environment Day
June 3rd Sunday Father’s Day
June 14 World Blood Donor Day
June 26 International Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking
July 1 Doctor’s Day
July 6 World Zoonoses Day
July 11 World Population Day
August 3 International Friendship Day
August 6 Hiroshima Day
August 8 World Senior Citizen’s Day
August 9 Quit India Day, Nagasaki Day
August 15 Indian Independence Day
August 18 IntI. Day of the World’s Indigenous Peoples
August 19 Photography Day
August 29 National Sports Day
September 2 Coconut Day
September 5 Teachers’ Day; Sanskrit Day
September 8 World Literacy Day (UNESCO)
September 15 Engineers’ Day
September 16 World Ozone Day
September 21 Alzheimer’s Day; Day for Peace & Non-violence (UN)
September 22 Rose Day (Welfare of cancer patients)
September 26 Day of the Deaf
September 27 World Tourism Day
October 1 International Day for the Elderly
October 2 Gandhi Jayanthi
October 3 World Habitat Day
October 4 World Animal Welfare Day
October 8 Indian Air Force Day
October 9 World Post Office Day
October 10 National Post Day
October 2nd Thursday World Sight Day
October 13 UN International Day for Natural Disaster Reduction
October 14 World Standards Day
October 15 World White Cane Day (guiding the blind)
October 16 World Food Day
October 24 UN Day; World Development Information Day
October 30 World Thrift Day
November 9 Legal Services Day
November 14 Children’s Day; Diabetes Day
November 17 National Epilepsy Day
November 20 Africa Industrialisation Day
November 29 International Day of Solidarity with Palestinian People
December 1 World AIDS Day
December 3 World Day of the Handicapped
December 4 Indian Navy Day
December 7 Indian Armed Forces Flag Day
December 10 Human Rights Day; IntI. Children’s Day of Broadcasting
December 18 Minorities Rights Day (India)
December 23 Kisan Divas (Farmer’s Day) (India)

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देश में उद्योगों का वितरण

देश में उद्योगों का वितरण समरूप नहीं है। उद्योग कुछ अनुकूल अवस्थितिक कारकों से कुछ निश्चित स्थानों पर केंद्रित हो जाते हैं। उद्योगों के समूहन को पहचानने के लिए कई सूचकांकों का उपयोग किया जाता है जिनमें प्रमुख हैं-
1- औद्योगिक इकाइयों की संख्या
2- औद्योगिक कर्मियों की संख्या
3- औद्योगिक उद्देश्यों के लिए उपयोग की जाने वाली प्रयुक्त शक्ति की मात्रा
4- कुल औद्योगिक निर्गत वनजचनज-
5- उत्पादन प्रक्रिया जन्य मूल्य आदि।

भारत के औद्योगिक प्रदेश और जिले

मुख्य औद्योगिक प्रदेश-
कुल-8 मुख्य औद्योगिक प्रदेश है-
1- मुंबई-पुणे प्रदेश 2- हुगली प्रदेश 3- बंगलौर-तमिलनाडु प्रदेश 4- गुजरात प्रदेश 5- छोटानागपुर प्रदेश 6- विशाखापट्‌नम- गुंटूर प्रदेश 7- गुड़गाँव-दिल्ली-मेरठ 8- कोलम-तिरुवनंतपुरम प्रदेश।

लघु औद्योगिक प्रदेश
कुल-13 लघु औद्योगिक प्रदेश है-
1-अंबाला-अमृतसर  2- सहारनपुर-मुजफ़रनगर-बिजनौर  3- इंदौर-देवास-उज्जैन  4- जयपुर-अजमेर  5- कोल्हापुर-दक्षिणी कन्नड़  6- उत्तरी मालाबार  7- मध्य मालाबार   8- अदीलाबाद-निजामाबाद  9- इलाहाबाद-वाराणसी-मिर्जापुर  10- भोजपुर-मुँगेर  11-

दुर्ग-रायपुर  12- बिलासपुर-कोरबा  13- ब्रह्मपुत्र घाटी।

औद्योगिक जिले-
कुल-15 औद्योगिक जिले है-
1- कानपुर 2- हैदराबाद 3-आगरा 4- नागपुर 5- ग्वालियर 6- भोपाल 7- लखनऊ 8-जलपाई गुड़ी 9-कटक 10- गोरखपुर 11- अलीगढ़ 12- कोटा 13- पूर्णिया 14- जबलपुर 15- बरेली।

मुंबई-पुणे औद्योगिक प्रदेश

यह मुंबई-थाने से पुणे तथा नासिक और शोलापुर जिलों के संस्पर्शी क्षेत्रों तक विस्तृत है। इसके अतिरिक्त रायगढ़ अहमदनगर सतारा सांगली और जलगाँव जिलों में औद्योगिक विकास तेजी से हुआ है। इस प्रदेश का विकास मुंबई में सूती वस्त्र उद्योग की स्थापना के साथ प्रारंभ हुआ। मुंबई में कपास के पृष्ठ प्रदेश में स्थिति होने और नम जलवायु के कारण मुंबई में सूती वस्त्र उद्योग का विकास हुआ। 1869 में स्वेज नहर के खुलने के कारण मुंबई पत्तन के विकास को प्रोत्साहन मिला। इस पत्तन के द्वारा मशीनों का आयात किया जाता था। इस उद्योग की आवश्यकता पूर्ति के लिए पश्चिमी घाट प्रदेश में जलविद्युत शक्ति का विकास किया गया।

सूती वस्त्र उद्योग के विकास के साथ रासायनिक उद्योग भी विकसित हुए। मुंबई हाई पेट्रोलियम क्षेत्र और नाभिकीय उर्जा संयंत्र वफी स्थापना ने इस प्रदेश को अतिरिक्त बल प्रदान किया। इसके अतिरिक्त अभियांत्रिकी वस्तुएँ पेट्रोलियम परिशोधन पेट्रो-रासायनिक चमड़ा संश्लिष्ट और प्लास्टिक वस्तुएँ दवाएँ उर्वरक विद्युत वस्तुएँ जलयान निर्माण इलेक्ट्रॉनिक्स सॉफ़्टवेयर परिवहन उपकरण और खाद्य उद्योगों का भी विकास हुआ। मुंबई कोलाबा कल्याण थाणे ट्राम्बे पुणे पिंपरी नासिक मनमाड शोलापुर कोल्हापुर अहमदनगर सतारा और सांगली महत्वपूर्ण औद्योगिक केंद्र है।

हुगली औद्योगिक प्रदेश

हुगली नदी के किनारे बसा हुआ यह प्रदेश उत्तर में बाँसबेरिया से दक्षिण में बिडलानगर तक लगभग 100 किलोमीटर में फैला है। उद्योगों का विकास पश्चिम में मेदनीपुर में भी हुआ है। कोलकाता-हावड़ा इस औद्योगिक प्रदेश के केंद्र हैं। इसके विकास में ऐतिहासिक भौगोलिक आर्थिक और राजनीतिक कारकों ने अत्यधक योगदान दिया है । इसका विकास हुगली नदी पर पत्तिन के बनने के बाद प्रारंभ से हुआ। देश में कोलकाता एक प्रमुख केंद्र के रूप में उभरा। इसके बाद कोलकाता भीतरी भागों से रेलमार्गों और सड़क मार्गों द्वारा जोड़ दिया गया। असम और पश्चिम बंगाल की उत्तरी पहाड़ियों में चाय बगानों के विकास उससे पहले नील का परिष्करण और बाद में जूट संसाधनों ने दामोदर घाटी के कोयला क्षेत्रों और छोटानागपुर पठार के लौह अयस्क के निक्षेपों के साथ मिलकर इस प्रदेश के औद्योगिक विकास में सहयोग प्रदान किया।

बिहार के घने बसे भागों पूर्वी उत्तर प्रदेश और उड़ीसा से उपलब्ध सस्ते श्रम ने भी इस प्रदेश के विकास में योगदान दिया। कोलकाता ने अंग्रेजी ब्रिटिश भारत की राजधानी 1773-1911- होने के कारण ब्रिटिश पूँजी को भी आकर्षित किया। 1855 में रिशरा में पहली जूट मिल की स्थापना ने इस प्रदेश के आधुनिक औद्योगिक समूहन के युग का प्रारंभ किया। जूट उद्योग का मुख्य केंद्रीकरण हावड़ा और भटपारा में है। 1947 में देश के विभाजन ने इस औद्योगिक प्रदेश को बुरी तरह प्रभावित किया। जूट उद्योग के साथ ही सूती वस्त्र उद्योग भी पनपा। कागज इंजीनियरिंग  टेक्सटाइल मशीनों विद्युत रासायनिक औषधीय उर्वरक और पेट्रो-रासायनिक उद्योगों का भी विस्तार हुआ। कोननगर में हिंदुस्तान मोटर्स लिमिटेड का कारखाना और चितरंजन में डीजाल इंजन का कारखाना इस प्रदेश के औद्योगिक स्तंभ हैं। इस प्रदेश के महत्वपूर्ण औद्योगिक केंद्र कोलकाता हावड़ा हल्दिया सीरमपुर रिशरा शिबपुर नैहाटी गुरियह काकीनारा श्यामनगर टीटागढ़ सौदेपुर बजबज बिडलानगर बाँसबेरिया बेलगुरियह त्रिवेणी हुगली बेलूर आदि हैं। फिर भी इस प्रदेश के औद्योगिक विकास में दूसरे प्रदेशों की तुलना में कमी आई है। जूट उद्योग की अवनति इसका एक कारण है।

बंगलौर-चेन्नई औद्योगिक प्रदेश

यह प्रदेश स्वतंत्रता प्राप्ति के बाद अत्यधक तीव्रता से औद्योगिक विकास का साक्षी है। 1960 तक उद्योग केवल बंगलौर सेलम और मदुरई जिलों तक सीमित थे लेकिन अब वे तमिलनाडु के विल्लूपुरम को छोड़कर लगभग सभी जिलों में फ़ैल चुके है। कोयला क्षेत्रों से दूर होने के कारण इस प्रदेश का विकास पायकारा जलविद्युत संयंत्र पर निर्भर करता है जो 1932 में बनाया गया था। कपास उत्पादक क्षेत्र होने के कारण सूती वस्त्र उद्योगा ने सबसे पहले पैर जमाए थे। सूती मिलों के साथ ही करघा उद्योग का भी तेजी से विकास हुआ। अनेक भारी अभियांत्रिकी उद्योग बंगलौर में एकत्रित हो गए। वायुयान एच-ए-एल– मशीन उपकरण टूल-पाने आरै भारत इलेक्ट्रानिक्स इस प्रदेश के औद्योगिक स्तंभ हैं। टेक्सटाइल रेल के डिब्बे डीजल इंजन रेडियो हल्की अभियांत्रिकी वस्तुएँ रबर का सामान दवाएँ एल्युमीनियम शक्कर सीमेंट ग्लास कागजा रसायन फ़िल्म सिगरेट माचिस चमड़े का सामान आदि महत्वपूर्ण उद्योग है। चेन्नई में पेट्रोलियम परिशोधनशाला सेलम में लोहा-इस्पात संयंत्र और उर्वरक संयंत्र अभिनव विकास हैं।

गुजरात औद्योगिक प्रदेश

इस प्रदेश का केंद्र अहमदाबाद और वडोदरा के बीच है लेकिन यह प्रदेश दक्षिण में वलसाद और सूरत तक और पश्चिम में जामनगर तक पैफला है। इस प्रदेश का विकास 1860 में सूती वस्त्र उद्योग की स्थापना से भी संबंधित है। यह प्रदेश एक महत्वपूर्ण सूती वस्त्र उद्योग क्षेत्र बन गया। कपास उत्पादक क्षेत्र में स्थित होने के कारण इस प्रदेश को कच्चे माल और बाजार दोनों का ही लाभ मिला। तेल क्षेत्रों की खोज से पेट्रो-रासायनिक उद्योगों की स्थापना अंकलेश्वर वडोदरा और जामनगर के चारों ओर हुई। कांडला पत्तन ने इस प्रदेश के तीव्र विकास में सहयोग दिया। कोयली में पेट्रोलियम परिशोधनशाला ने अनेक पेट्रो-रासायनिक उद्योगों के लिए कच्चा माल उपलब्ध कराया। औद्योगिक संरचना में अब विविधता आ चुकी है। कपड़ा सूती सिल्क और कृत्रिम कपड़े- और पेट्रो-रासायनिक उद्योगों के अतिरिक्त अन्य उद्योग भारी और आध्रा रासायनिक मोटर ट्रैक्टर डीजल इंजन टेक्सटाइल मशीनें इंजीनियरिंग औषधि रंग रोगन कीटनाशक चीनी दुग्ध उत्पाद और खाद्य प्रक्रमण हैं। अभी हाल ही में सबसे बड़ी पेट्रोलियम परिशो्धनशाला जामनगर में स्थापित की गई है। इस प्रदेश के महत्वपूर्ण औद्योगिक केंद्र अहमदाबाद वडोदरा भरूच कोयली आनंद खेरा सुरेंद्रनगर राजकोट सूरत वलसाद और जामनगर हैं।

छोटानागपुर प्रदेश

छोटानागपुर प्रदेश झारखंड उत्तरी उड़ीसा और पश्चिमी पश्चिम बंगाल में फ़ैला है और भारी धातु उद्योगों के लिए जाना जाता है। यह प्रदेश अपने विकास के लिए दामोदर घाटी में कोयला और झारखंड तथा उत्तरी उड़ीसा में धात्विक और अधात्विक खनिजों की खोज का रिणी है। कोयला लौह अयस्क और दूसरे खनिजों की निकटता इस प्रदेश में भारी उद्योगों की स्थापना को सुसाध्य बनाती है। इस प्रदेश में छ: बड़े एकीकृत लौह-इस्पात संयंत्र जमशेदपुर बर्नपुर कुल्टी दुर्गापुर बोकारो और राउरकेला में स्थापित है। उर्जा की आवश्यकता को पूरा करने के लिए ऊष्मीय और जलविद्युतशक्ति संयंत्रों का निर्माण दामोदर घाटी में किया गया है। प्रदेश के चारों ओर घने बसे प्रदेशों से सस्ता श्रम प्राप्त होता है और हुगली प्रदेश अपने उद्योगों के लिए बड़ा बाजार उपलब्ध कराता है।

भारी इंजीनियरिंग मशीन-औजार उर्वरक सीमेंट कागजा रेल इंजन और भारी विद्युत उद्योग इस प्रदेश के कुछ महत्वपूर्ण उद्योग हैं। राँची धनबाद चैबासा सिंदरी हजारीबाग जमशेदपुर बोकारो राउरकेला दुर्गापुर आसनसोल और डालमियानगर महत्वपूर्ण केंद्र हैं।

विशाखापट्‌नम-गुंटूर प्रदेश

यह औद्योगिक प्रदेश विशाखापत्तनम्‌ जिले से लेकर दक्षिण में कुरूनूल और प्रकासम जािलों तक पैफला है। इस प्रदेश का औद्योगिक विकास विशाखापट्‌नम और मछलीपटनम पत्तनों इसके भीतरी भागों में विकसित कृषि तथा खनिजों के बड़े संचित भंडार पर निर्भर है। गोदावरी बेसिन के कोयला क्षेत्र इसे उफर्जा प्रदान करते हैं। जलयान निर्माण उद्योग का प्रारंभ 1941 में विशाखापट्‌नम में हुआ था। आयातित पेट्रोल पर आधारित पेट्रोलियम परिशोधनशाला ने कई पेट्रो-रासायनिक उद्योगों की वृद्धि को सुगम बनाया है।

शक्कर वस्त्र जूट कागज उर्वरक सीमेंट एल्युमीनियम और हल्की इंजीनियरिंग इस प्रदेश के मुख्य उद्योग हैं। गुंटूर जिले में एक शीशा-जिंक प्रगालक कार्य कर रहा है। विशाखापट्‌नम में लोहा और इस्पात संयंत्र बेलाडिला लौह अयस्क का प्रयोग करता है। विशाखापट्‌नम विजयवाड़ा विजयनगर राजमुंदरी गुंटूर एलूरू और कुरनूल महत्वपूर्ण औद्योगिक केंद्र हैं।

गुड़गाँव-दिल्ली-मेरठ प्रदेश

इस प्रदेश में स्थित उद्योगों में पिछले कुछ समय से बड़ा तीव्र विकास दिखाई देता है। खनिजों और विद्युतशक्ति संसाधनों से बहुत दूर स्थित होने के कारण यहाँ उद्योग छोटे और बाजार अभिमुखी हैं। इलेक्ट्रॉनिक हल्के इंजीनियरिंग और विद्युत उपकरण इस प्रदेश के प्रमुख उद्योग हैं। इसके अतिरिक्त यहाँ सूती ऊनी और कृत्रिम रेशा वस्त्र होजरी शक्कर सीमेंट मशीन उपकरण ट्रैक्टर साईकिल कृषि उपकरण रासायनिक पदार्थ और वनस्पति घी उद्योग हैं जो कि बड़े स्तर पर व

Some of the following facts may be known to you. These facts were recently published in a German magazine, which deals with WORLD HISTORY FACTS ABOUT INDIA.

1. India never invaded any country in her last 1000 years of history.

2. India invented the Number system. Zero was invented by Aryabhatta.

3. The world’s first University was established in Takshila in 700BC.

More than 10,500 students from all over the world studied more than 60 subjects. The University of Nalanda built in the 4 th century BC was one of the greatest achievements of ancient India in the field of education.

4. According to the Forbes magazine, Sanskrit is the most suitable language for computer software.

5. Ayurveda is the earliest school of medicine known to humans.

6. Although western media portray modern images of India as poverty striken and underdeveloped through political corruption, India was once the richest empire on earth.

7. The art of navigation was born in the river Sindh 5000 years ago. The very word “Navigation” is derived from the Sanskrit word NAVGATIH.

8. The value of pi was first calculated by Budhayana, and he explained the concept of what is now known as the Pythagorean Theorem. British scholars have last year (1999) officially published that Budhayan’s works dates to the 6 th Century which is long before the European mathematicians.

9. Algebra, trigonometry and calculus came from India . Quadratic equations were by Sridharacharya in the 11 th Century; the largest numbers the Greeks and the Romans used were 106 whereas Indians used numbers as big as 10 53

10. According to the Gemmological Institute of America, up until 1896, India was the only source of diamonds to the world.
11. USA based IEEE has proved what has been a century-old suspicion amongst academics that the pioneer of wireless communication was Professor Jagdeesh Bose and not Marconi.

12. The earliest reservoir and dam for irrigation was built in Saurashtra

13. Chess was invented in India

14. Sushruta is the father of surgery. 2600 years ago he and health scientists of his time conducted surgeries like cesareans, cataract, fractures and urinary stones. Usage of anaesthesia was well known in ancient India .

15. When many cultures in the world were only nomadic forest dwellers over 5000 years ago, Indians established Harappan culture in Sindhu Valley ( Indus Valley India in 100 BC.

Quotes about India

We owe a lot to the Indians, who taught us how to count, without which no worthwhile scientific discovery could have been made. Albert Einstein.

India is the cradle of the human race, the birthplace of human speech, the mother of history, the grandmother of legend and the great grand mother of tradition. Mark Twain.

If there is one place on the face of earth where all dreams of living men have found a home from the very earliest days when man began the dream of existence, it is India French scholar Romain Rolland.

India conquered and dominated China culturally for 20 centuries without ever having to send a single soldier across her border. Hu Shih (former Chinese ambassador to USA )

ALL OF THE ABOVE IS JUST THE TIP OF THE ICEBERG, THE LIST COULD BE ENDLESS.

BUT, if we don’t see even a glimpse of that great India in the India that we see today, it clearly means that we are not working up to our potential; and that if we do, we could once again be an evershining and inspiring country setting a bright path for rest of the world to follow.

I hope you enjoyed it and work towards the welfare of INDIA

Say proudly, I AM AN INDIAN.

Plans in India: At a Glance
FIRST PLAN 1951-56

The First Plan with a total outlay of Rs.2378 crore was a rather hapzard venture, as the planning commission had no reliable statistics to work upon. Besides, the plan had to be correlated to the prevailing activities of various government departments. The result was a patchwork of isolated projects. All the same, the plan had a national character and was based on a rational hypothesis. it laid emphasis on Agriculture, Irrigation, Power and Transport so as to provide an infrastructure for rapid industrial expansion in future. The plan turned out to be more than a sucess, mainly because it was supported by two good harvests in the last two years.

SECOND PLAN 1956-61

the second plan a big leap forward.it laid special stress on heavy industries.The industrial policy resolution was amended so as to shift the primary responsibility for development on the public sector. Private sector was left to handle consumer industries. But the great quantity of imports that the plan envisaged in both public and private sectors, practically denuded India’s are accumulated sterling balances in two years and compelled the country to seek extensive foreign aid. Agriculture and Small scale industries remained sluggish, without adding any momentum to development.

THIRD PLAN 1961-66

the third plan rode on a wave of high expectations following over all growth of the Indian economy in the first two plan periods. The third plan aimed at establishing a self sustaining economy. Internal resources having been strained to the utmost, the plan had to rely on heavy foreign aid.
Interim Planning
The Third Plan having gone awry, planning itself had become discredited in the eyes of many and demands were made from different quarters to declare a plan holiday. But neither the government nor the planning commission admitted failure. They refused to fail in with the demand for a plan holiday and proceeded to draw up the fourth plan as from 1966-67.

FOURTH PLAN 1969-74

The Fourth Plan officially commenced on April 1, 1969 with the publication of the draft
plan .Growth with stability was the main objective of the plan. Agriculture was expected to lead the growth with a rate of 5 percent per annul. Such a growth in agriculture would setup a chain reaction in the economy. The target for the growth rate of industry was set at about 9 percent per annual. Altogether the national income was expected to increase of 5.5 percent per annul. Allowing for the increase of population at the rate of 3 percent per annum or about 16 percent in the fourth plan period.

FIFTH PLAN 1974-79

The Fifth plan draft as originally drawn up was part of a long term perspective plan covering a period of 10 years from 1974.75 to 1985-86.The perspective plan attempted to co ordinate various sectors of the economy in terms of the new slogan GARIBI HATAO.The long term rate of growth which the economy was expected to achieve on a self sustaining basis was put up at 6.2 percent per annum.
By the time the fifth plan was approved by the National Development Council its promises had become obsolete and the total outlay had to be increased from Rs. 37.463 crore to 39.303 Crore.This belated attempt had an inglorious end in another 6 month.when the janta party came into power. They scrapped it unceremoniously.

SIXTH PLAN 1980-81 & 1984-85

Sixth plan was formulated after taking into account the achievements and shortcomings of the past three decades of planning. For the sixth plan actual expenditure stood at Rs. 10291.7 Crore as against the envisaged total public sector outlay of Rs. 97500 Crore accounting for a 12 percent increase in nominal terms. The average annual growth rate the sixth plan worked out to 5.2 percent, which is equal to the targeted growth for the plan.

SEVENTH PLAN 1985-90

seventh plan which envisaged an aggregate outlay of Rs. 348,148 Crore with a public sector outlay of Rs. 180,000 Crore ended with the average rate of growth of the gross domestic product at 5.3 percent per annum, which was well above the targeted rate of 5 percent.

EIGHTH PLAN 1992-97

the eighth plan recognized the need for a re orientation of planning in keeping with the process of economy. Though tangible change in the ongoing development process can be effected only over a period of time, the review of initial experience enables us to discern the direction of change and emerging criticalities with a view to identifying the measure to be adopted.
The eighth plan emphasis
1.Human development as the main focus of planning
2.a large economic apace for the private sector.
3.physical and social infrastructure development by the public sector
4.a greater role to the market to infuse economic efficiency even in the working of public sector

The plan proposed a growth rate of 5.6% per annum on the average during the plan period. An investment of Rs. 798,000 Crores(45%).adding to this current outlay of Rs. 73,000 Crores. consistent with the resources position, the size of the plans of the states and the union territories was projected at Rs. 1,86,325 Crore and the central plan at Rs.2,47,865 Crore.This outlay was divided between the centre and the states in the ratio 58.5:41.5 .

NINTH PLAN 1997-2002

The objective of the 9th plan evolved from the common minimum programmed of the government and the chiefs minister’s conference on basic minimum services. The suggestions are as a follows:
1.priority to agriculture and rural development with a view to generating productive employment & eradication of poverty
2.Accelerating the growth rate of the economy with stable prices
3.Ensuring food and nutritional security for the vulnerable section of the society
4.Providing the basic minimum services of safe drinking water, primary health care facilities, universal primary education, shelter and connectivity to all in a time bound population
5.containing the growth rate of population
6.Ensuring environmental sustainability of the development process through participation of people.
7. Empowerment of women and socially disadvantaged groups
8.promoting and developing panchayati raj, co-operative etc;
9.Strengthening efforts to build self reliance.

GDP:6.2
Export Growth Rate(% per annum):12
Import Growth Rate(% per annum):11.4
Domestic saving rate(% of GDP at market price):25.2
current Account Deficit(% of GDP at market price):1.7
Investment Rate(%GDP at market price):26.9
ICOR(%):4.34
Gross Investment:Rs.2004 Crore
According to rough calculations, the ninth plan size will be Rs.8,80,00 Crore.

THE OBJECTIVES OF TENTH PLAN 2002-2007

The total size of 10th plan is Rs. 25737.25 Crore at current prices as against the 9th plan approved outlay of Rs. 20075.00 crore. These figures are not comparable as the State of MP was bifurcated on 1st Nov 200.The planning commission indicated that the size of the tenth plan may be 5.5 times that of the budgetary support provided to the annual plan of 2001-2002 in nominal terms. However, the proposed size of the 10th is 7 times that of the approved outlay of the annual plan 2001-2002.
The sectoral outlays for the ninth plan and the tenth plan are presented in the table now.
HIGHLIGHTS OF 10th PLAN :2002-2007
* Annual 8 %GDP growth during 2002-07
* Annual FDI flows of 7.5 billion US dollars
* Divestment target of Rs 78,000 Crore in five years
* 50 million jobs in five years
* Public sector outlay at Rs.15,92,300 Crore
* Central plan outlay at Rs.9,21,291 Crore
* States and outlay at Rs. 6,71,009 Crore
* Central Budgetary support at Rs.7,06,000 Crore
* Incremental capital output ratio at 3.6%
* Reduction in poverty ratio to 21 % from 26 % by 2007
* Literacy rate to increase to 75% by 2007
* IMF to be reduced to 45 in 2007
* Maternal mortality ratio to be halved 2 in 2007
* Increase in forest cover to 25 % in 2007
* Potable drinking water in all villages
* cleaning of major polluted river stretches
* Decadal population growth to reduce from 21.3 % in 1991-2001 to 16.2 % in 2001-2011
* All children in school by 2003 and all children to complete 5 year schooling in 2007
* Investment rate of 28.4 % of GDP

IMPORATANT POINTS

$ The Third Plan was the first plan to target a 5% growth rate was minimum during this plan.
$ The Sixth Plan achieved for first time a growth rate of more than 5%.
$ In the earlier plans, importance was given to development programmers in the agricultural sector.
$ In the later plans, greater emphasis is laid on the industrial and power sectors of the economy.

Some of the most important toll free numbers

Airlines

Indian Airlines – 1800 180 1407
Jet Airways – 1800 22 5522
SpiceJet – 1800 180 3333
Air India — 1800 22 7722
KingFisher – 1800 180 0101
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Banks

ABN AMRO – 1800 11 2224
Canara Bank – 1800 44 6000
Citibank – 1800 44 2265
Corporatin Bank – 1800 443 555
Development Credit Bank – 1800 22 5769
HDFC Bank – 1800 227 227
ICICI Bank – 1800 333 499
ICICI Bank NRI – 1800 22 4848
IDBI Bank – 1800 11 6999
Indian Bank – 1800 425 1400
ING Vysya – 1800 44 9900
Kotak Mahindra Bank – 1800 22 6022
Lord Krishna Bank – 1800 11 2300
Punjab National Bank – 1800 122 222
State Bank of India – 1800 44 1955
Syndicate Bank – 1800 44 6655
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Automobiles

Mahindra Scorpio – 1800 22 6006
Maruti – 1800 111 515
Tata Motors – 1800 22 5552
Windshield Experts – 1800 11 3636
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Computers/IT

Adrenalin – 1800 444 445
AMD – 1800 425 6664
Apple Computers – 1800 444 683
Canon – 1800 333 366
Cisco Systems – 1800 221 777
Compaq – HP – 1800 444 999
Data One Broadband – 1800 424 1800
Dell – 1800 444 026
Epson – 1800 44 0011
eSys – 3970 0011
Genesis Tally Academy – 1800 444 888
HCL – 1800 180 8080
IBM – 1800 443 333
Lexmark – 1800 22 4477
Marshal’s Point – 1800 33 4488
Microsoft – 1800 111 100
Microsoft Virus Update – 1901 333 334
Seagate – 1800 180 1104
Symantec – 1800 44 5533
TVS Electronics – 1800 444 566
WeP Peripherals – 1800 44 6446
Wipro – 1800 333 312
xerox – 1800 180 1225
Zenith – 1800 222 004
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Indian Railway General Enquiry 131
Indian Railway Central Enquiry 131
Indian Railway Reservation 131
Indian Railway Railway Reservation Enquiry 1345,1335,1330
Indian Railway Centralised Railway Enquiry 1330/1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9
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Couriers/Packers & Movers

ABT Courier – 1800 44 8585
AFL Wizz – 1800 22 9696
Agarwal Packers & Movers – 1800 11 4321
Associated Packers P Ltd – 1800 21 4560
DHL – 1800 111 345
FedEx – 1800 22 6161
Goel Packers & Movers – 1800 11 3456
UPS – 1800 22 7171
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Home Appliances

Aiwa/Sony – 1800 11 1188
Anchor Switches – 1800 22 7979
Blue Star – 1800 22 2200
Bose Audio – 1800 11 2673
Bru Coffee Vending Machines – 1800 44 7171
Daikin Air Conditioners – 1800 444 222
DishTV – 1800 12 3474
Faber Chimneys – 1800 21 4595
Godrej – 1800 22 5511
Grundfos Pumps – 1800 33 4555
LG – 1901 180 9999
Philips – 1800 22 4422
Samsung – 1800 113 444
Sanyo – 1800 11 0101
Voltas – 1800 33 4546
WorldSpace Satellite Radio – 1800 44 5432
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Investments/ Finance

CAMS – 1800 44 2267
Chola Mutual Fund – 1800 22 2300
Easy IPO’s – 3030 5757
Fidelity Investments – 1800 180 8000
Franklin Templeton Fund – 1800 425 4255
J M Morgan Stanley – 1800 22 0004
Kotak Mutual Fund – 1800 222 626
LIC Housing Finance – 1800 44 0005
SBI Mutual Fund – 1800 22 3040
Sharekhan – 1800 22 7500
Tata Mutual Fund – 1800 22 0101
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Travel

Club Mahindra Holidays – 1800 33 4539
Cox & Kings – 1800 22 1235
God TV Tours – 1800 442 777
Kerala Tourism – 1800 444 747
Kumarakom Lake Resort – 1800 44 5030
Raj Travels & Tours – 1800 22 9900
Sita Tours – 1800 111 911
SOTC Tours – 1800 22 3344
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Healthcare

Best on Health – 1800 11 8899
Dr Batras – 1800 11 6767
GlaxoSmithKline – 1800 22 8797
Johnson & Johnson – 1800 22 8111
Kaya Skin Clinic – 1800 22 5292
LifeCell – 1800 44 5323
Manmar Technologies – 1800 33 4420
Pfizer – 1800 442 442
Roche Accu-Chek – 1800 11 45 46
Rudraksha – 1800 21 4708
Varilux Lenses – 1800 44 8383
VLCC – 1800 33 1262
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Insurance

AMP Sanmar – 1800 44 2200
Aviva – 1800 33 2244
Bajaj Allianz – 1800 22 5858
Chola MS General Insurance – 1800 44 5544
HDFC Standard Life – 1800 227 227
LIC – 1800 33 4433
Max New York Life – 1800 33 5577
Royal Sundaram – 1800 33 8899
SBI Life Insurance – 1800 22 9090
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Hotel Reservations

GRT Grand – 1800 44 5500
InterContinental Hotels Group – 1800 111 000
Marriott – 1800 22 0044
Sarovar Park Plaza – 1800 111 222
Taj Holidays – 1800 111 825
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Teleshopping

Asian Sky Shop – 1800 22 1800
Jaipan Teleshoppe – 1800 11 5225
Tele Brands – 1800 11 8000
VMI Teleshopping – 1800 447 777
WWS Teleshopping – 1800 220 777
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Others

Domino’s Pizza – 1800 111 123
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Cell Phones

BenQ – 1800 22 08 08
Bird CellPhones – 1800 11 7700
Motorola MotoAssist – 1800 11 1211
Nokia – 3030 3838
Sony Ericsson – 3901 1111
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Curriculum Vitae

EDUCATION /Qualification:

Stood first in BA (Hons), Economics, Panjab University, Chandigarh,
1952; Stood first in MA (Economics), Panjab University, Chandigarh,
1954; Wright’s Prize for distinguished performance at St John’s College,
Cambridge, 1955 and 1957; Wrenbury scholar, University of Cambridge,
1957; DPhil (Oxford), DLitt (Honoris Causa); PhD thesis on India’s
export competitiveness

OCCUPATION /Teaching Experience:

Professor (Senior lecturer, Economics, 1957-59;
Reader, Economics, 1959-63;
Professor, Economics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 1963-65; Professor,
International Trade, Delhi School of Economics,University of Delhi,
1969-71; Honorary professor, Jawaharlal Nehru University,New Delhi,
1976 and Delhi School of  Economics, University of Delhi,1996 and Civil
ServantWorking Experience/ POSITIONS:

1971-72: Economic advisor, ministry of foreign trade

1972-76: Chief economic advisor, ministry of finance

1976-80: Director, Reserve Bank of India; Director, Industrial
Development Bank of India; Alternate governor for India, Board  of
governors, Asian Development Bank; Alternate governor for India, Board
of governors, IBRD

November 1976 – April 1980: Secretary, ministry of finance (Department
of economic affairs); Member, finance, Atomic Energy Commission; Member,
finance, Space Commission

April 1980 – September 15, 1982: Member-secretary, Planning Commission

1980-83:  Chairman, India Committee of the Indo-Japan joint study
committee September 16, 1982 – January 14, 1985: Governor, Reserve Bank
of India

1982-85:  Alternate Governor for India, Board of governors,
International Monetary Fund

1983-84: Member, economic advisory council to the Prime Minister

1985: President, Indian Economic Association

January 15, 1985 – July 31, 1987: Deputy Chairman, Planning Commission

August 1, 1987 – November 10, 1990:  Secretary-general and commissioner,
south commission, Geneva

December 10, 1990 – March 14, 1991: Advisor to the Prime Minister on
economic affairs

March 15, 1991 – June 20, 1991: Chairman, UGC

June 21, 1991 – May 15, 1996: Union finance minister

October 1991: Elected to Rajya Sabha from Assam on Congress ticket

June 1995: Re-elected to Rajya Sabha

1996 onwards: Member, Consultative Committee for the ministry of finance

August 1, 1996 – December 4, 1997: Chairman, Parliamentary standing
committee on commerce

March 21, 1998 onwards: Leader of the Opposition, Rajya Sabha

June 5, 1998 onwards: Member, committee on finance

August 13, 1998 onwards: Member, committee on rules

Aug 1998-2001: Member, committee of privileges 2000 onwards: Member,
executive committee, Indian parliamentary group

June 2001: Re-elected to Rajya Sabha

Aug 2001 onwards: Member, general purposes committee

BOOKS:

India’s Export Trends and Prospects for Self-Sustained Growth -Clarendon
Press, Oxford University, 1964; also published a large number of
articles in various economic journals.

OTHER ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

Adam Smith Prize, University of Cambridge, 1956

Padma Vibhushan, 1987

Euro money Award, Finance Minister of the Year, 1993;

Asia money Award, Finance Minister of the Year for Asia, 1993 and 1994

INTERNATIONAL ASSIGNMENTS:

1966: Economic Affairs Officer

1966-69: Chief, financing for trade section, UNCTAD

1972-74: Deputy for India in IMF Committee of Twenty on International
Monetary Reform

1977-79: Indian delegation to Aid-India Consortium Meetings

1980-82: Indo-Soviet joint planning group meeting

1982: Indo-Soviet monitoring group meeting

1993:  Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting Cyprus 1993: Human
Rights World Conference, Vienna

RECREATION:

Gymkhana Club, New Delhi; Life Member, India International Centre, New
Delhi

Name: Dr Manmohan Singh

DOB: September 26, 1932

Place of Birth: Gah (West Punjab)

Father: S. Gurmukh Singh

Mother: Mrs Amrit Kaur

Married on: September 14, 1958

Wife: Mrs Gursharan Kaur

Children: Three daughters

WHY EMPLOYEES LEAVE ORGANISATIONS? -

Azim Premji, CEO – Wipro

Every company faces the problem of people leaving the company for better pay or profile.

Early this year, Mark, a senior software designer, got an offer from a prestigious international firm to work in its India operations developing specialized software. He was thrilled by the offer.

He had heard a lot about the CEO. The salary was great. The company had all the right systems in place employee-friendly human resources (HR) policies, a spanking new office,and the very best technology, even a canteen that served superb food.

Twice Mark was sent abroad for training. “My learning curve is the sharpest it’s ever been,” he said soon after he joined.

Last week, less than eight months after he joined, Mark walked out of the job.

Why did this talented employee leave ?

Mark quit for the same reason that drives many good people away.

The answer lies in one of the largest studies undertaken by the Gallup Organization. The study surveyed over a million employees and 80,000 managers and was published in a book called “First Break All The Rules”. It came up with this surprising finding:

If you’re losing good people, look to their immediate boss. Immediate boss is the reason people stay and thrive in an organization. And he ‘s the reason why people leave. When people leave they take knowledge, experience and contacts with them, straight to the competition.

“People leave managers not companies,” write the authors Marcus Buckingham and Curt Coffman.

Mostly manager drives people away?

HR experts say that of all the abuses, employees find humiliation the most intolerable. The first time, an employee may not leave,but a thought has been planted. The second time, that thought gets strengthened. The third time, he looks for another job.

When people cannot retort openly in anger, they do so by passive aggression. By digging their heels in and slowing down. By doing only what they are told to do and no more. By omitting to give the boss crucial information. Dev says: “If you work for a jerk, you basically want to get him into trouble. You don ‘t have your heart and soul in the job.”

Different managers can stress out employees in different ways – by being too controlling, too suspicious, too pushy, too critical, but they forget that workers are not fixed assets, they are free agents. When this goes on too long, an employee will quit – often over a trivial issue.

Talented men leave. Dead wood doesn’t.